BIO 156 TRAINING STUDY SHEET 2026
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉Explain two reasons why smaller cells are biologically more
efficient than larger cells. Answer: The rate of exchange across a
plasma membrane depends on its surface area: The bigger it is, the
more substances can cross it during a given interval.
◉Describe the eukaryotic nucleus Answer: Keeps DNA separated
from cytoplasm; makes ribosome subunits; controls access to DNA
◉Identify the unique features of a prokaryotic cell Answer:
cytoplasm with ribosome
dna
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
pilus
bacterial flagellum
, ◉Vesicles Answer: membrane-enclosed sacs that often form by
budding from other components of the endomembrane system.
Many transport substances among organelles of the ER, and to and
from the plasma membrane. Other vesicles store or break down
substances.
◉Rough ER Answer: Ribosomes attached to
the rough ER use RNA in
the cytoplasm to make polypeptides. The newly synthesized
polypeptide chains enter rough ER, where they take on tertiary
structure and assemble with other polypeptide chains.
◉Smooth ER Answer: Proteins migrate through the interior of the
rough ER, and end up in the smooth ER. Some stay in smooth ER, as
enzymes that assemble lipids and break down carbohydrates,
wastes, and toxins. Other proteins
are packaged in vesicles for transport to Golgi bodies.
◉Golgi Body Answer: Proteins and lipids arriving in vesicles are
modified into final form, sorted, and repackaged into new vesicles.
Some of these vesicles ferry proteins to the plasma membrane for
secretion or insertion into the lipid bilayer. Others become
lysosomes.
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉Explain two reasons why smaller cells are biologically more
efficient than larger cells. Answer: The rate of exchange across a
plasma membrane depends on its surface area: The bigger it is, the
more substances can cross it during a given interval.
◉Describe the eukaryotic nucleus Answer: Keeps DNA separated
from cytoplasm; makes ribosome subunits; controls access to DNA
◉Identify the unique features of a prokaryotic cell Answer:
cytoplasm with ribosome
dna
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
pilus
bacterial flagellum
, ◉Vesicles Answer: membrane-enclosed sacs that often form by
budding from other components of the endomembrane system.
Many transport substances among organelles of the ER, and to and
from the plasma membrane. Other vesicles store or break down
substances.
◉Rough ER Answer: Ribosomes attached to
the rough ER use RNA in
the cytoplasm to make polypeptides. The newly synthesized
polypeptide chains enter rough ER, where they take on tertiary
structure and assemble with other polypeptide chains.
◉Smooth ER Answer: Proteins migrate through the interior of the
rough ER, and end up in the smooth ER. Some stay in smooth ER, as
enzymes that assemble lipids and break down carbohydrates,
wastes, and toxins. Other proteins
are packaged in vesicles for transport to Golgi bodies.
◉Golgi Body Answer: Proteins and lipids arriving in vesicles are
modified into final form, sorted, and repackaged into new vesicles.
Some of these vesicles ferry proteins to the plasma membrane for
secretion or insertion into the lipid bilayer. Others become
lysosomes.
