PSY 350 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
When should we do correlational research? - answers - if we want to know that 2 things
are related/linked
How do you do correlational research? - answers - measure both factors and run a
correlational analysis and end up with a correlation coefficient
What can we learn from doing correlational research? - answers - if our two factors are
related, how strongly they are related, in what direction they are related (positive or
negative)
What can't we learn from correlational research? - answers - causation
How do we do an experiment? - answers - 1. Must vary the iv controlling everything else
and measure the dv
2. Vary the iv between experimental group & control group
3. Make sure the group experience is the same
Why are experiments the "cadillac" of research? - answers - it's the only research that
informs us about causality (the direction of the cause of the arrow)
Patty linville - answers - researcher of multiple selves
Epley & whitchurch (2008) - answers - study of attractiveness - we think of ourselves as
more attractive than we actually are
Paulhus et. Al (2013) - answers - narcissism - people that are narcissistic admit that
they are and make good first impressions but are often actively disliked in the long run
Individualsim - answers - the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group
goals & defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications
Collectivism - answers - giving priority to the goals of ones group (often extended family
or work group) & defining ones identity accordingly
The cocktail effect - answers - we enjoy self relevant stimuli and talking about ourselves
The looking-glass self - answers - reflects the fact that our self images are a product of
how others see us
The looking glass self study? - answers - toy study - kids donating their favorite toys
when encouraged and told they were good kids
,Self recognition - answers - at 18-24 months we can recognize ourselves in a mirror
(only humans, dolphins, apes, and elephants can)
Self awareness - answers - negativity study: we tend to compare ourselves to higher
standards than reality - we feel we fall short when we become self aware
What are the two ways of coping with self awareness? - answers - behaving better or
escaping and withdrawing from self awareness (shape up or ship out)
Spotlight effect - answers - the tendency we have to overestimate the extent to which
others are paying attention to us
What study goes with the spotlight effect? - answers - the halloween study - kids take
more candy when no mirror
Narcissism correlates with what? - answers - self esteem and self awareness;
problematic social relations
The "blind spot" bias - answers - we are blind to our on biases -- we see ourselves as
objective and everyone else as biased
Multiple selves - answers - many roles in our lives that we play (non-overlapping);
keeping them compartmentalized is better for mental health
Patty linville**
Terror-management theory - answers - proposes people exhibit self-protective
emotional & cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of mortality
-humans must find ways to manage their overwhelming fear of death
Delaying gratification study - answers - marshmallow study - waiting longer results in
more reward
Limited resource studies - answers - dieters study - high temptation condition vs low
temptation condition
Limited resource study- the recognition and assertion of the existence and value of ones
individual self
Unwanted thoughts - answers - when we try not to think about it we end up thinking
about it; daniel wagner
Unwanted thoughts study & plan - answers - polar bear study; plan - have an advanced
plan to think about something else
, What is the definition of a self-promoting strategy - answers - managing information
about oneself with the goal of appearing competent
What is the definition of an ingratiation strategy - answers - making others feel important
to gain favor and cooperation
What is the definition of a status conveying strategy - answers - managing information
about the self with the goal of claiming and maintaining higher status
Staging performances (self-promoting) - answers - placing self front and center to excel
oneself
Competence displays (self-promoting) - answers - using speech, behavior or props to
display competence
Self-handicapping (self-promoting) - answers - talking down competence or creating
obstacle as excuse (win/win)
Appearance enhancement (self promoting) - answers - people like more attractive
people better - correlate unrelated positive effects (halo effect)
Flattery (ingratiation) - answers - flooding with compliments
Name utilization (ingratiation) - answers - saying someones name more in a
conversation (people like hearing their own name)
Projecting modesty (ingratiation) - answers - not being arrogant or haughty
Self monitoring (ingratiation) - answers - tailoring oneself to reflect similarities to others
Ingratiates dilemmas - answers - avoiding transparency and multiple audiences to
appeal to
What are two strategies for multiple audiences - answers - moderating opinions and
sending two different messages on different platforms
Displaying status artifacts (status conveying) - answers - "marking territory"; putting up
diplomas, certificates or having a top floor office to display status
Consumption displays (status conveying) - answers - publicly spending large amounts
of money and resources
Managing associations (status conveying) - answers - associating or linking yourself to
people with status or power
When should we do correlational research? - answers - if we want to know that 2 things
are related/linked
How do you do correlational research? - answers - measure both factors and run a
correlational analysis and end up with a correlation coefficient
What can we learn from doing correlational research? - answers - if our two factors are
related, how strongly they are related, in what direction they are related (positive or
negative)
What can't we learn from correlational research? - answers - causation
How do we do an experiment? - answers - 1. Must vary the iv controlling everything else
and measure the dv
2. Vary the iv between experimental group & control group
3. Make sure the group experience is the same
Why are experiments the "cadillac" of research? - answers - it's the only research that
informs us about causality (the direction of the cause of the arrow)
Patty linville - answers - researcher of multiple selves
Epley & whitchurch (2008) - answers - study of attractiveness - we think of ourselves as
more attractive than we actually are
Paulhus et. Al (2013) - answers - narcissism - people that are narcissistic admit that
they are and make good first impressions but are often actively disliked in the long run
Individualsim - answers - the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group
goals & defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications
Collectivism - answers - giving priority to the goals of ones group (often extended family
or work group) & defining ones identity accordingly
The cocktail effect - answers - we enjoy self relevant stimuli and talking about ourselves
The looking-glass self - answers - reflects the fact that our self images are a product of
how others see us
The looking glass self study? - answers - toy study - kids donating their favorite toys
when encouraged and told they were good kids
,Self recognition - answers - at 18-24 months we can recognize ourselves in a mirror
(only humans, dolphins, apes, and elephants can)
Self awareness - answers - negativity study: we tend to compare ourselves to higher
standards than reality - we feel we fall short when we become self aware
What are the two ways of coping with self awareness? - answers - behaving better or
escaping and withdrawing from self awareness (shape up or ship out)
Spotlight effect - answers - the tendency we have to overestimate the extent to which
others are paying attention to us
What study goes with the spotlight effect? - answers - the halloween study - kids take
more candy when no mirror
Narcissism correlates with what? - answers - self esteem and self awareness;
problematic social relations
The "blind spot" bias - answers - we are blind to our on biases -- we see ourselves as
objective and everyone else as biased
Multiple selves - answers - many roles in our lives that we play (non-overlapping);
keeping them compartmentalized is better for mental health
Patty linville**
Terror-management theory - answers - proposes people exhibit self-protective
emotional & cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of mortality
-humans must find ways to manage their overwhelming fear of death
Delaying gratification study - answers - marshmallow study - waiting longer results in
more reward
Limited resource studies - answers - dieters study - high temptation condition vs low
temptation condition
Limited resource study- the recognition and assertion of the existence and value of ones
individual self
Unwanted thoughts - answers - when we try not to think about it we end up thinking
about it; daniel wagner
Unwanted thoughts study & plan - answers - polar bear study; plan - have an advanced
plan to think about something else
, What is the definition of a self-promoting strategy - answers - managing information
about oneself with the goal of appearing competent
What is the definition of an ingratiation strategy - answers - making others feel important
to gain favor and cooperation
What is the definition of a status conveying strategy - answers - managing information
about the self with the goal of claiming and maintaining higher status
Staging performances (self-promoting) - answers - placing self front and center to excel
oneself
Competence displays (self-promoting) - answers - using speech, behavior or props to
display competence
Self-handicapping (self-promoting) - answers - talking down competence or creating
obstacle as excuse (win/win)
Appearance enhancement (self promoting) - answers - people like more attractive
people better - correlate unrelated positive effects (halo effect)
Flattery (ingratiation) - answers - flooding with compliments
Name utilization (ingratiation) - answers - saying someones name more in a
conversation (people like hearing their own name)
Projecting modesty (ingratiation) - answers - not being arrogant or haughty
Self monitoring (ingratiation) - answers - tailoring oneself to reflect similarities to others
Ingratiates dilemmas - answers - avoiding transparency and multiple audiences to
appeal to
What are two strategies for multiple audiences - answers - moderating opinions and
sending two different messages on different platforms
Displaying status artifacts (status conveying) - answers - "marking territory"; putting up
diplomas, certificates or having a top floor office to display status
Consumption displays (status conveying) - answers - publicly spending large amounts
of money and resources
Managing associations (status conveying) - answers - associating or linking yourself to
people with status or power
