BIOS252 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ contractile proteins in muscle. Answer: actin and myosin
◉ structural proteins. Answer: proteins that form an organism's
physical attributes
◉ regulatory proteins. Answer: tropomyosin and troponin
◉ Microfilaments. Answer: Long, thin fibers that function in the
movement and support of the cell
◉ Myofibrils. Answer: Microscopic protein filaments that make up
muscle cells.
◉ muscle fiber. Answer: muscle cell
◉ muscle fassicle. Answer: bundle of muscle fibers
,◉ Epimysium. Answer: surrounds entire muscle
◉ Perimysium. Answer: Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
◉ Endomysium. Answer: Connective tissue surrounding a muscle
fiber
◉ steps of neuromuscular junction. Answer: 1. action potential
generates release of acetylcholine
2. action potential is generated in sarcolemma of muscle cell and
travels through T tubules
3. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
4. myosin cross bridges can form
◉ steps of sliding filament theory. Answer: 1) A sarcomere shortens
as a result of the z lines moving closer together
2) The z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the
actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin
filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle
fiber.
◉ relaxation of skeletal muscle. Answer: 1. Ach is degraded in the
synapse by acetylcholinesterase
2. stops AP in muscle cell
, 3. closes SR channels releasing Ca
4. actin-myosin dissociate and return to resting length
◉ aerobic respiration. Answer: Respiration that requires oxygen,
occurs in mitochondria
◉ anerobic glycolysis. Answer: Rapid breakdown of Carbs, either
glycogen or glucose, occurring without the presence of oxygen.
◉ creatine kinase. Answer: muscle enzyme found in skeletal and
cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack,
muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies
◉ isotonic contraction. Answer: A muscle contraction that pulls on
the bones and produces movement of body parts.
◉ concentric contraction. Answer: muscle shortens
◉ eccentric contraction. Answer: muscle lengthens
◉ isometric contraction. Answer: Muscle contracts but there is no
movement, muscle stays the same length
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ contractile proteins in muscle. Answer: actin and myosin
◉ structural proteins. Answer: proteins that form an organism's
physical attributes
◉ regulatory proteins. Answer: tropomyosin and troponin
◉ Microfilaments. Answer: Long, thin fibers that function in the
movement and support of the cell
◉ Myofibrils. Answer: Microscopic protein filaments that make up
muscle cells.
◉ muscle fiber. Answer: muscle cell
◉ muscle fassicle. Answer: bundle of muscle fibers
,◉ Epimysium. Answer: surrounds entire muscle
◉ Perimysium. Answer: Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
◉ Endomysium. Answer: Connective tissue surrounding a muscle
fiber
◉ steps of neuromuscular junction. Answer: 1. action potential
generates release of acetylcholine
2. action potential is generated in sarcolemma of muscle cell and
travels through T tubules
3. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
4. myosin cross bridges can form
◉ steps of sliding filament theory. Answer: 1) A sarcomere shortens
as a result of the z lines moving closer together
2) The z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the
actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin
filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle
fiber.
◉ relaxation of skeletal muscle. Answer: 1. Ach is degraded in the
synapse by acetylcholinesterase
2. stops AP in muscle cell
, 3. closes SR channels releasing Ca
4. actin-myosin dissociate and return to resting length
◉ aerobic respiration. Answer: Respiration that requires oxygen,
occurs in mitochondria
◉ anerobic glycolysis. Answer: Rapid breakdown of Carbs, either
glycogen or glucose, occurring without the presence of oxygen.
◉ creatine kinase. Answer: muscle enzyme found in skeletal and
cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack,
muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies
◉ isotonic contraction. Answer: A muscle contraction that pulls on
the bones and produces movement of body parts.
◉ concentric contraction. Answer: muscle shortens
◉ eccentric contraction. Answer: muscle lengthens
◉ isometric contraction. Answer: Muscle contracts but there is no
movement, muscle stays the same length
