BIOS251 EXAM 2 ACTUAL TEST SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane. Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA. Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition and replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: All the fluid and components between the
nucleus and the cell membrane, including the cytosol and
cytoskeleton.
◉ Cytosol. Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Organelles. Answer: Specialized structures within a cell that
perform distinct processes.
,◉ Ribosomes. Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Intracellular support used in cell
movement and moves organelles.
◉ Gamete cells. Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and
ovum) that replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells. Answer: All other cells in the body that replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane. Answer: Serves as a barrier,
anchors the cytoskeleton, shapes the cell, allows communication,
moves essential molecules in, and removes waste.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer. Answer: The structure that makes up the
cell membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic
tails.
◉ Transmembrane proteins. Answer: Proteins that cross the width
of the membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
, ◉ Peripheral proteins. Answer: Proteins only found on one surface
of the membrane.
◉ Cholesterol. Answer: Creates the fluid mosaic model that gives the
cell both structure and flexibility.
◉ Integral proteins. Answer: Proteins that travel the entire width of
the membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Channel proteins. Answer: Proteins that allow ions to cross the
membrane from one side to another.
◉ Carrier proteins. Answer: Proteins that transport specific
substances from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins. Answer: Proteins that recognize and bind to
specific molecules called ligands.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions. Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane. Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA. Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition and replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: All the fluid and components between the
nucleus and the cell membrane, including the cytosol and
cytoskeleton.
◉ Cytosol. Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Organelles. Answer: Specialized structures within a cell that
perform distinct processes.
,◉ Ribosomes. Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Intracellular support used in cell
movement and moves organelles.
◉ Gamete cells. Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and
ovum) that replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells. Answer: All other cells in the body that replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane. Answer: Serves as a barrier,
anchors the cytoskeleton, shapes the cell, allows communication,
moves essential molecules in, and removes waste.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer. Answer: The structure that makes up the
cell membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic
tails.
◉ Transmembrane proteins. Answer: Proteins that cross the width
of the membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
, ◉ Peripheral proteins. Answer: Proteins only found on one surface
of the membrane.
◉ Cholesterol. Answer: Creates the fluid mosaic model that gives the
cell both structure and flexibility.
◉ Integral proteins. Answer: Proteins that travel the entire width of
the membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Channel proteins. Answer: Proteins that allow ions to cross the
membrane from one side to another.
◉ Carrier proteins. Answer: Proteins that transport specific
substances from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins. Answer: Proteins that recognize and bind to
specific molecules called ligands.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions. Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
