BIOS251 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Anabolism. Answer: Energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis
reactions
•Requires energy input
◉ Catabolism. Answer: Energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition
reactions
•Breaks covalent bonds
•Produces smaller molecules
◉ Mitosis. Answer: Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell
(the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that
are genetically identical to itself.
◉ Meiosis. Answer: a type of cell division that results in four
daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the
parent cell
◉ Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Answer: -Both
involved in cell division resulting in new cells.
,-mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent
cell and the nucleus divides once.
-Meiosis produces cells that have ½ the number of chromosomes
from each parent cell and the nucleus divides twice.
◉ crossing over. Answer: -The sharing of genetic material between
two non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair.
-occurs during prophase I of meiosis before tetrads are aligned along
the equator in metaphase I.
-occurs when chromosomal homologs exchange information during
metaphase of Meiosis I
◉ Nucleus. Answer: Controls cell because it contains DNA, the
genetic code--instructions for making proteins, which in turn
determine cell structure and function
◉ Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: -Network of connecting sacs and
canals
-Carry substances through fluid cytoplasm
-Two types: rough and smooth
◉ Rough ER. Answer: collects, folds, and transports proteins made
by ribosomes, has ribosomes on it
, ◉ Smooth ER. Answer: synthesizes chemicals, produces lipids that
makes up new membrane
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: -Powerhouse of the cell
-ATP is created in mitochondria
-Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions
-Contains one DNA molecule
◉ Lysosomes. Answer: -Contains digestive enzymes that digest and
break down things
-Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis(programmed cell
death)
◉ Golgi apparatus. Answer: -helps process and package proteins and
lipid molecules
-Called the chemical processing and packaging center
-Collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER
outward to plasma membrane
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: Makes proteins
-May attaches to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
-Made of two subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA
-Manufacture enzymes and other protein compounds
GUIDE 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Anabolism. Answer: Energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis
reactions
•Requires energy input
◉ Catabolism. Answer: Energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition
reactions
•Breaks covalent bonds
•Produces smaller molecules
◉ Mitosis. Answer: Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell
(the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that
are genetically identical to itself.
◉ Meiosis. Answer: a type of cell division that results in four
daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the
parent cell
◉ Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Answer: -Both
involved in cell division resulting in new cells.
,-mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent
cell and the nucleus divides once.
-Meiosis produces cells that have ½ the number of chromosomes
from each parent cell and the nucleus divides twice.
◉ crossing over. Answer: -The sharing of genetic material between
two non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair.
-occurs during prophase I of meiosis before tetrads are aligned along
the equator in metaphase I.
-occurs when chromosomal homologs exchange information during
metaphase of Meiosis I
◉ Nucleus. Answer: Controls cell because it contains DNA, the
genetic code--instructions for making proteins, which in turn
determine cell structure and function
◉ Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: -Network of connecting sacs and
canals
-Carry substances through fluid cytoplasm
-Two types: rough and smooth
◉ Rough ER. Answer: collects, folds, and transports proteins made
by ribosomes, has ribosomes on it
, ◉ Smooth ER. Answer: synthesizes chemicals, produces lipids that
makes up new membrane
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: -Powerhouse of the cell
-ATP is created in mitochondria
-Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions
-Contains one DNA molecule
◉ Lysosomes. Answer: -Contains digestive enzymes that digest and
break down things
-Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis(programmed cell
death)
◉ Golgi apparatus. Answer: -helps process and package proteins and
lipid molecules
-Called the chemical processing and packaging center
-Collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER
outward to plasma membrane
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: Makes proteins
-May attaches to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
-Made of two subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA
-Manufacture enzymes and other protein compounds
