BIOS252 WEEK 7 EXAM CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
STUDY QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ potassium imbalances. Answer: - most dangerous types of
electrolyte imbalances
- hyperkalemia
> K+ too high
> if extracellular concentration rises quickly, neurons and muscle
cells more excitable - can produce cardiac arrest
> if slow onset, neurons and muscle cells become less excitable
- hypokalemia
> K+ too low
> rarely results from dietary deficiency
> from sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, excessive laxative use,
aldosterone hypersecretion, or alkalosis
> nerve and muscle cells less excitable; leads to muscle weakness,
loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, and arrhythmias from
irregular electrical activity in the heart
◉ hyperkalemia. Answer: - elevated extracellular K+ concentrations
- less diffusion of K+ out of cell
, - elevated RMP (cells partially depolarized)
- cells more excitabel
◉ normokalemia. Answer: - K+ concentrations in equilibrium
- equal diffusion into and out of cell
- normal resting membrane potential
◉ hypokalemia. Answer: - reduced extracellular K+ concentration
- greater diffusion of K+ out of cell
- reduced RMP (cells hyperpolarized)
- cells less excitable
◉ chloride. Answer: - most abundant anion in ECF
- major contribution to ECF osmolarity
- required for the formation of stomach acid
- homeostasis
> primary homeostasis achieved as an effect of Na+ homeostasis
> strong attraction to Na+, K+, and Ca2+, which chloride passively
follows
> as sodium is retained, chloride ions passively follow
◉ calcium. Answer: - lends strength to skeleton
EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
STUDY QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ potassium imbalances. Answer: - most dangerous types of
electrolyte imbalances
- hyperkalemia
> K+ too high
> if extracellular concentration rises quickly, neurons and muscle
cells more excitable - can produce cardiac arrest
> if slow onset, neurons and muscle cells become less excitable
- hypokalemia
> K+ too low
> rarely results from dietary deficiency
> from sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, excessive laxative use,
aldosterone hypersecretion, or alkalosis
> nerve and muscle cells less excitable; leads to muscle weakness,
loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, and arrhythmias from
irregular electrical activity in the heart
◉ hyperkalemia. Answer: - elevated extracellular K+ concentrations
- less diffusion of K+ out of cell
, - elevated RMP (cells partially depolarized)
- cells more excitabel
◉ normokalemia. Answer: - K+ concentrations in equilibrium
- equal diffusion into and out of cell
- normal resting membrane potential
◉ hypokalemia. Answer: - reduced extracellular K+ concentration
- greater diffusion of K+ out of cell
- reduced RMP (cells hyperpolarized)
- cells less excitable
◉ chloride. Answer: - most abundant anion in ECF
- major contribution to ECF osmolarity
- required for the formation of stomach acid
- homeostasis
> primary homeostasis achieved as an effect of Na+ homeostasis
> strong attraction to Na+, K+, and Ca2+, which chloride passively
follows
> as sodium is retained, chloride ions passively follow
◉ calcium. Answer: - lends strength to skeleton
