Part 1
Answers to Further Exercises: Chapter 1.
Exercise 1.1.
(1) (a) [what evil] vs. (b) [evil men]. Notice the different stress patterns: in (a) the stress
falls on the head of the NP what EVil; in (b) the stress falls on the head of the NP evil
MEN.
(2) (a) [rotten fruit] vs. (b) [rotten [fruit and veg]]. In (a) rotten modifies only fruit (=
vegetables and rotten fruit) but in (b) it modifies fruit and veg – the veg as well as the
fruit are rotten.
(3) (a) [[more interesting] vs. (b) [interesting meals]. In (a) more is an adjective modifier
in AP (meals that are more interesting). In (b) more is quantificational, modifying a
nominal constituent (more meals that are interesting).
(4) (a) [workers on overtime] vs. (b) [[agreement (between workers)] on overtime]. In (a)
it is the workers that are on overtime (it’s an agreement between such workers). In (b)
it’s an overtime agreement.
(5) (a) [the man who he had seen] vs. (b) [[asked] [the man] [who he had seen]]. The
question is whether [who he had seen] forms a constituent with the man (as in (a),
where it is a modifier in the structure of NP- a relative clause). In (a) we know who
Bill asked (the man who he had seen) but not what question he asked him. In (b) the
man and who he had seen are separate constituents: who he had seen is the question
Bill asked the man.
Exercise 1.2.
PHRASE
no PHRASE
previous PHRASE
experience PHRASE
of syntax
Exercise 1.3.
SENTENCE
PHRASE PHRASE
the PHRASE are PHRASE
new students very worried
, Answers to Further Exercises: Chapter 2.
Exercise 2.1.
(a) [ I ] [am accepting your invitation]
(b) [The income received from fines] [can’t be taken into account]
(c) [Grishkin and the man in brown] [are in league]
(d) [A gorilla swinging about in the trees above our heads] [interrupted this already
lengthy story]
(e) [One day] [will be enough for this job]
(f) [all this] [will be yours]. Extra constituents: [One day] and [my boy].
(g) [Next Sunday or the Sunday after that] [would be convenient dates]
(h) [your dancing and colourful language] [are frightening the guests]
Extra constituent: [Regrettably]
(i) [The existence of stars of such extreme density that not even light can escape them]
[has not been doubted recently]
(j) [The temptation to identify less than the whole of the relevant phrase] [crops up
in all constituent analysis]
(k) [No one who accepted that invitation to visit the slaughterhouse] [found it quite
as enjoyable as you]
(l) [A lengthy discussion about the unreliability and irrelevance of parental advice]
[followed]
(m) [The many meetings in Downing Street between the Prime Minister and other
leaders involved in the crisis] [have failed to yield any solution acceptable to them
or to the United Nations]
Exercise 2.2.
Phrase (1) = tree (d).
Phrase (2) = tree (b).
Phrase (3) = tree (b).
Phrase (4) = tree (a).
Phrase (5) = tree (c).
,Exercise 2.3.
(a) PHRASE (b) PHRASE
word PHRASE word PHRASE
students word word students PHRASE PHRASE
doing chemistry word word word word
doing chemistry in September
(c) PHRASE
PHRASE PHRASE
word PHRASE word word
students word PHRASE doing chemistry
with word word
long hair
(d) PHRASE
word PHRASE
several PHRASE PHRASE
word word word word
very noisy newspaper vendors
(e) PHRASE
word PHRASE
ten PHRASE PHRASE
word word word PHRASE
fully automatic deluxe word word
hair driers
, Exercise 2.4.
Modifier~head: Doing chemistry is modifier of students with long hair (head)
With long hair is modifier of students (head)
Long is modifier of hair (head)
Head~complement: long hair is complement to with (head).
chemistry is complement to doing.
Answers to Further Exercises: Chapter 1.
Exercise 1.1.
(1) (a) [what evil] vs. (b) [evil men]. Notice the different stress patterns: in (a) the stress
falls on the head of the NP what EVil; in (b) the stress falls on the head of the NP evil
MEN.
(2) (a) [rotten fruit] vs. (b) [rotten [fruit and veg]]. In (a) rotten modifies only fruit (=
vegetables and rotten fruit) but in (b) it modifies fruit and veg – the veg as well as the
fruit are rotten.
(3) (a) [[more interesting] vs. (b) [interesting meals]. In (a) more is an adjective modifier
in AP (meals that are more interesting). In (b) more is quantificational, modifying a
nominal constituent (more meals that are interesting).
(4) (a) [workers on overtime] vs. (b) [[agreement (between workers)] on overtime]. In (a)
it is the workers that are on overtime (it’s an agreement between such workers). In (b)
it’s an overtime agreement.
(5) (a) [the man who he had seen] vs. (b) [[asked] [the man] [who he had seen]]. The
question is whether [who he had seen] forms a constituent with the man (as in (a),
where it is a modifier in the structure of NP- a relative clause). In (a) we know who
Bill asked (the man who he had seen) but not what question he asked him. In (b) the
man and who he had seen are separate constituents: who he had seen is the question
Bill asked the man.
Exercise 1.2.
PHRASE
no PHRASE
previous PHRASE
experience PHRASE
of syntax
Exercise 1.3.
SENTENCE
PHRASE PHRASE
the PHRASE are PHRASE
new students very worried
, Answers to Further Exercises: Chapter 2.
Exercise 2.1.
(a) [ I ] [am accepting your invitation]
(b) [The income received from fines] [can’t be taken into account]
(c) [Grishkin and the man in brown] [are in league]
(d) [A gorilla swinging about in the trees above our heads] [interrupted this already
lengthy story]
(e) [One day] [will be enough for this job]
(f) [all this] [will be yours]. Extra constituents: [One day] and [my boy].
(g) [Next Sunday or the Sunday after that] [would be convenient dates]
(h) [your dancing and colourful language] [are frightening the guests]
Extra constituent: [Regrettably]
(i) [The existence of stars of such extreme density that not even light can escape them]
[has not been doubted recently]
(j) [The temptation to identify less than the whole of the relevant phrase] [crops up
in all constituent analysis]
(k) [No one who accepted that invitation to visit the slaughterhouse] [found it quite
as enjoyable as you]
(l) [A lengthy discussion about the unreliability and irrelevance of parental advice]
[followed]
(m) [The many meetings in Downing Street between the Prime Minister and other
leaders involved in the crisis] [have failed to yield any solution acceptable to them
or to the United Nations]
Exercise 2.2.
Phrase (1) = tree (d).
Phrase (2) = tree (b).
Phrase (3) = tree (b).
Phrase (4) = tree (a).
Phrase (5) = tree (c).
,Exercise 2.3.
(a) PHRASE (b) PHRASE
word PHRASE word PHRASE
students word word students PHRASE PHRASE
doing chemistry word word word word
doing chemistry in September
(c) PHRASE
PHRASE PHRASE
word PHRASE word word
students word PHRASE doing chemistry
with word word
long hair
(d) PHRASE
word PHRASE
several PHRASE PHRASE
word word word word
very noisy newspaper vendors
(e) PHRASE
word PHRASE
ten PHRASE PHRASE
word word word PHRASE
fully automatic deluxe word word
hair driers
, Exercise 2.4.
Modifier~head: Doing chemistry is modifier of students with long hair (head)
With long hair is modifier of students (head)
Long is modifier of hair (head)
Head~complement: long hair is complement to with (head).
chemistry is complement to doing.
