Instructor’s Resource Material for
1 Organization of the Body
ANSWER KEYS
Answers to Quick Check Questions
1. Science develops new principles by using detailed observations and vigorous tests, or experiments, to analyze
each idea or hypothesis until a reasonable conclusion can be made. As more testing is done, eliminating
outside influences or biases and ensuring consistent results, scientists begin to have more confidence in the
principle and then call it a theory or law.
2. Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. Physiology is the
scientific study of the body functions of the living organism and its parts.
3. Physiology can be divided into (1) the type of organism involved, (2) the organizational level studied, and (3)
a specific, or systemic, function being studied.
4. The study of the body that focuses on groups of organs that have a common function is called systemic
anatomy.
5. An eponym is a term that is based on a person’s name.
6. Autopoiesis defines life; organisms are self-organizing or self-maintaining, and nonliving structures are not.
7. Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical reactions in the body. Each characteristic of life is related
to these reactions.
8. The seven levels of organization are chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism.
9. Answers may include any of the following: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic
reticulum, vacuole, and lysosome.
10. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve.
11. The 11 major organ systems are integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
12. In the anatomical position, the body is in an erect, or standing, posture with the arms at the sides and palms
turned forward. The head and feet are also pointing forward. This position is a reference position that gives
meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
13. The two major subdivisions of the body as a whole are axial and appendicular.
14. The two major body cavities and their subdivisions are (1) ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities) and (2) dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal cavities).
15. The nine abdominopelvic regions are right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar,
umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac. The four abdominal quadrants are right upper,
left upper, right lower, and left lower.
16. Superior is toward the head or upper or above; inferior: toward the feet or lower or below; anterior is front or
“in front of;” posterior is back or “in back of;” medial is toward the midline of the body; lateral is toward the
side of the body; dorsal is toward the back; and ventral is toward the belly.
17. Anatomical left is opposite of your left as you face the structure.
18. The rosette is used as a compass similar to those used on geographical maps. Rather than being labeled, N, S,
E, and W, the anatomical rosette is labeled with abbreviated anatomical directions.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
,19. The three major planes used to divide the body into parts are the sagittal, coronal (frontal), and transverse
planes. A sagittal plane is any lengthwise plane running from front to back and top to bottom, dividing the
body or any of its parts into right and left sides. A coronal (or frontal) plane is any lengthwise plane running
from side to side and top to bottom, dividing the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
A transverse plane is any crosswise plan that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
20. “Complementarity of structure and function” refers to the fact that anatomical structures seem “designed”
(size, shape, form, or placement) to efficiently perform specific functions.
21. DNA “directs” the differentiation of specialized cells during development so that they can effectively
contribute to a specific function. For example, in the lungs, the cilia, which cover the exposed surface of cells
that form the tissues lining the respiratory passageways, help trap and eliminate inhaled contaminants.
Answers to Case Study Questions (p. 19)
1. b: The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into quarters, or quadrants. Health care professionals commonly
refer to these quadrants as a standard way to describe the location of pain or an injury on a patient.
2. c: The liver is a large organ that fills the majority of the right upper quadrant. A stab wound to this area will
most likely affect the liver.
3. c: Proximal means closer to the trunk. So, the part of the lower extremity proximal to the knee would be the
thigh region, also referred to as the femoral region. If the contusion is “just proximal” to the knee, it is just
above the knee.
4. c: The proximal part of the upper extremity is referred to as the brachial region—the arm, which is where the
humerus bone is located. (You’ll also find the brachial nerve and the brachial artery in this area.)
Answers to Review Questions (p. 22)
1. Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure and the relationship of its parts. Physiology is the study of
functions of the living organism and its parts.
2. Chemical level: Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that make up the body. The text uses cytoplasm as an
example of the chemical level.
Organelle level: Collections of molecules organized in such a way that they can perform an individual
function. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or any other organelles are examples.
Cellular level: Cells are the smallest units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter.
Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. The
cytoplasm contains numerous organelles. Muscle, bone, nerve, or any other cells are examples.
Tissue level: An organization of many similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. Epithelial,
muscle, connective, and nervous tissues are examples.
Organ level: An organization of several different tissues arranged so that together they can perform a
specialized function. Lung, heart, brain, or any other organs are examples.
System level: Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform complex
functions for the body. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, or any other organ systems are examples.
Organism level: An integrated assemblage of interactive structures able to survive and flourish. Human
beings or any other organisms are examples.
3. Integumentary system: The primary function is protection. Other functions include regulating body
temperature, synthesizing chemicals, and acting as a sense organ.
Skeletal system: The primary function is to support the body. Other functions include protection, allowance
for movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Muscular system: The primary function is movement of the body. Muscles also generate heat for the body.
Nervous system: The primary functions are communication, integration, and control of body functions.
Endocrine system: The primary functions are also communication, integration, and control of body functions
but in a slower, longer-lasting form than the nervous system provides.
Cardiovascular system: The primary function is the transport of substances to various parts of the body.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
, Lymphatic/immune system: The primary function of the lymphatic system is the movement of tissue fluid and
large molecules back to general circulation. The primary function of the immune system is conferring
protection and resistance to disease.
Respiratory system: The primary function is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Digestive system: The primary function is the digestion of food, absorption of food, and elimination of
undigested residue.
Urinary system: The primary function is to clean the blood of waste products. Other functions are to maintain
the electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance of the body.
Reproductive system: The primary function is to ensure the survival of the genetic code and the species.
4. Anatomical position is a position in which the body is standing erect with arms at the side, palms forward,
and the head and feet pointing forward. This is the reference position that gives meaning to the directional
terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
5. Bilateral symmetry means that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other, and only
one plane can divide the body into left and right sides. Ipsilateral refers to a body part on the same side of the
body. Contralateral refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body.
6. Somatotype is used to describe a particular category of body build or physique. The three major somatotype
categories are endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Endomorphs are more round shaped, mesomorphs are
more muscular, and ectomorphs are more lean and linear.
7. Anterior: The front or in front of
Distal: Away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part
Sagittal plane: A lengthwise plane running from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sides
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Dorsal: Toward the back
Coronal plane: A lengthwise plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior
sections
Organ: Several different kinds of tissues arranged so that together they can perform a special function
Parietal peritoneum: The membrane lining the inside of the abdominal cavity
Superior: Toward the head or above
Tissue: A group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function
8. The mediastinum is located in the midpoint of the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural cavities.
9. The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that each structure has a particular size,
shape, form, or placement in the body that makes it especially efficient at performing a unique, specialized
activity.
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions (p. 22)
1. Digestion is the process by which complex food particles are broken down into simpler substances. Through
the circulatory system, these substances (nutrients) are transported from one body part to another. Growth
occurs as a result of these nutrients increasing the size or number of cells.
2. An endomorph with a waist-to-hip ratio of 1:2 would be predisposed to heart disease, stroke, high blood
pressure, and diabetes.
3. The abdominopelvic regions included in the x-ray would be right iliac, right lumbar, right hypochondriac,
epigastric, left hypochondriac, and umbilical region. The more correct answer would include all nine regions.
4. From the largest to the smallest, the urinary bladder can be placed in the following cavities: ventral cavity,
abdominopelvic cavity, and pelvic cavity.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
, Instructor’s Resource Material for
2 Homeostasis
ANSWER KEYS
Answers to Quick Check Questions
1. The body’s internal environment is a watery fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.
2. Homeostasis is the relatively constant state maintained by the body.
3. In physiology, a set point value for a physiological variable is the value at which the body’s control systems
have “set” as the normal value.
4. Because the human body is essentially a group of many living cells living in a bag (of skin) filled with body
fluid, one can use the analogy of a fishbowl, where the cells living in body fluid are like fish living in
water. Like the fishbowl accessories that maintain a stable environment for the health of fish, our organs
maintain a stable fluid environment in our body.
5. The basic components of every feedback control system are the sensor mechanism, the integrator or control
center, the effector mechanism, and the feedback. The variable is the physiology characteristic being
controlled by the feedback loop and the set point value is the “normal” value for the variable.
6. Room temperature (variable) is kept stable by a thermostat (sensor-integrator) that feeds back information
about room temperature to a controller that turns on the furnace (effector) if the room temperature dips below
the value set on the thermostat (set point value).
7. A feedback loop is “negative” when its response reverses the direction of change (in the variable) detected by
sensors.
8. Negative feedback control systems are inhibitory. They produce an action that is opposite to the change that
activated the system. Negative feedback control systems stabilize physiological variables. Positive feedback
control systems are stimulatory. Positive feedback tends to amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring.
Typically, such responses result in instability and disrupt homeostasis.
9. Examples of such circumstances include bacterial infection, when a higher temperature benefits the fight
against infection, and when variables need to be higher or lower than average during particular times of the
day in order to maintain normal function of the body.
10. A circadian rhythm is a daily pattern in body function, such as a daily drop in body temperature while
sleeping.
11. Any time the body responds to a change that has not happened, but is likely to happen, is a feed-forward
response—like when the stomach becomes active and begins producing digestive juices just before a meal.
12. Intracellular control mechanisms operate at the cell level. These mechanisms regulate functions within the
cells. Intrinsic control mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ levels. They often make use of chemical
signals. Extrinsic control mechanisms operate at the system and organism levels. These usually involve
nervous and endocrine regulation.
Answers to Case Study Questions (p. 35)
1. b: An adrenaline boost causes a number of physical symptoms, including rapid pulse and breathing, which
are all designed to urge the body into action. The term flight-or-flight response is used to describe an
adrenaline release, because it addresses the body’s reaction to the increase in hormone production.
2. d: When Anniston ran her race, skeletal muscles (particularly her legs) worked extensively thus using energy
at a very high rate. This increase in muscle contraction produced a substantial amount of heat, which raised
her core body temperature. In attempt to cool the body down from this increase in temperature, her sweat
glands were activated to produce/secrete sweat (water). This secretion of sweat reduced her body water
levels.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
1 Organization of the Body
ANSWER KEYS
Answers to Quick Check Questions
1. Science develops new principles by using detailed observations and vigorous tests, or experiments, to analyze
each idea or hypothesis until a reasonable conclusion can be made. As more testing is done, eliminating
outside influences or biases and ensuring consistent results, scientists begin to have more confidence in the
principle and then call it a theory or law.
2. Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. Physiology is the
scientific study of the body functions of the living organism and its parts.
3. Physiology can be divided into (1) the type of organism involved, (2) the organizational level studied, and (3)
a specific, or systemic, function being studied.
4. The study of the body that focuses on groups of organs that have a common function is called systemic
anatomy.
5. An eponym is a term that is based on a person’s name.
6. Autopoiesis defines life; organisms are self-organizing or self-maintaining, and nonliving structures are not.
7. Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical reactions in the body. Each characteristic of life is related
to these reactions.
8. The seven levels of organization are chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism.
9. Answers may include any of the following: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic
reticulum, vacuole, and lysosome.
10. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve.
11. The 11 major organ systems are integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
12. In the anatomical position, the body is in an erect, or standing, posture with the arms at the sides and palms
turned forward. The head and feet are also pointing forward. This position is a reference position that gives
meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
13. The two major subdivisions of the body as a whole are axial and appendicular.
14. The two major body cavities and their subdivisions are (1) ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities) and (2) dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal cavities).
15. The nine abdominopelvic regions are right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar,
umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac. The four abdominal quadrants are right upper,
left upper, right lower, and left lower.
16. Superior is toward the head or upper or above; inferior: toward the feet or lower or below; anterior is front or
“in front of;” posterior is back or “in back of;” medial is toward the midline of the body; lateral is toward the
side of the body; dorsal is toward the back; and ventral is toward the belly.
17. Anatomical left is opposite of your left as you face the structure.
18. The rosette is used as a compass similar to those used on geographical maps. Rather than being labeled, N, S,
E, and W, the anatomical rosette is labeled with abbreviated anatomical directions.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
,19. The three major planes used to divide the body into parts are the sagittal, coronal (frontal), and transverse
planes. A sagittal plane is any lengthwise plane running from front to back and top to bottom, dividing the
body or any of its parts into right and left sides. A coronal (or frontal) plane is any lengthwise plane running
from side to side and top to bottom, dividing the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
A transverse plane is any crosswise plan that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
20. “Complementarity of structure and function” refers to the fact that anatomical structures seem “designed”
(size, shape, form, or placement) to efficiently perform specific functions.
21. DNA “directs” the differentiation of specialized cells during development so that they can effectively
contribute to a specific function. For example, in the lungs, the cilia, which cover the exposed surface of cells
that form the tissues lining the respiratory passageways, help trap and eliminate inhaled contaminants.
Answers to Case Study Questions (p. 19)
1. b: The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into quarters, or quadrants. Health care professionals commonly
refer to these quadrants as a standard way to describe the location of pain or an injury on a patient.
2. c: The liver is a large organ that fills the majority of the right upper quadrant. A stab wound to this area will
most likely affect the liver.
3. c: Proximal means closer to the trunk. So, the part of the lower extremity proximal to the knee would be the
thigh region, also referred to as the femoral region. If the contusion is “just proximal” to the knee, it is just
above the knee.
4. c: The proximal part of the upper extremity is referred to as the brachial region—the arm, which is where the
humerus bone is located. (You’ll also find the brachial nerve and the brachial artery in this area.)
Answers to Review Questions (p. 22)
1. Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure and the relationship of its parts. Physiology is the study of
functions of the living organism and its parts.
2. Chemical level: Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that make up the body. The text uses cytoplasm as an
example of the chemical level.
Organelle level: Collections of molecules organized in such a way that they can perform an individual
function. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or any other organelles are examples.
Cellular level: Cells are the smallest units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter.
Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. The
cytoplasm contains numerous organelles. Muscle, bone, nerve, or any other cells are examples.
Tissue level: An organization of many similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. Epithelial,
muscle, connective, and nervous tissues are examples.
Organ level: An organization of several different tissues arranged so that together they can perform a
specialized function. Lung, heart, brain, or any other organs are examples.
System level: Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform complex
functions for the body. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, or any other organ systems are examples.
Organism level: An integrated assemblage of interactive structures able to survive and flourish. Human
beings or any other organisms are examples.
3. Integumentary system: The primary function is protection. Other functions include regulating body
temperature, synthesizing chemicals, and acting as a sense organ.
Skeletal system: The primary function is to support the body. Other functions include protection, allowance
for movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Muscular system: The primary function is movement of the body. Muscles also generate heat for the body.
Nervous system: The primary functions are communication, integration, and control of body functions.
Endocrine system: The primary functions are also communication, integration, and control of body functions
but in a slower, longer-lasting form than the nervous system provides.
Cardiovascular system: The primary function is the transport of substances to various parts of the body.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
, Lymphatic/immune system: The primary function of the lymphatic system is the movement of tissue fluid and
large molecules back to general circulation. The primary function of the immune system is conferring
protection and resistance to disease.
Respiratory system: The primary function is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Digestive system: The primary function is the digestion of food, absorption of food, and elimination of
undigested residue.
Urinary system: The primary function is to clean the blood of waste products. Other functions are to maintain
the electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance of the body.
Reproductive system: The primary function is to ensure the survival of the genetic code and the species.
4. Anatomical position is a position in which the body is standing erect with arms at the side, palms forward,
and the head and feet pointing forward. This is the reference position that gives meaning to the directional
terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
5. Bilateral symmetry means that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other, and only
one plane can divide the body into left and right sides. Ipsilateral refers to a body part on the same side of the
body. Contralateral refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body.
6. Somatotype is used to describe a particular category of body build or physique. The three major somatotype
categories are endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Endomorphs are more round shaped, mesomorphs are
more muscular, and ectomorphs are more lean and linear.
7. Anterior: The front or in front of
Distal: Away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part
Sagittal plane: A lengthwise plane running from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sides
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Dorsal: Toward the back
Coronal plane: A lengthwise plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior
sections
Organ: Several different kinds of tissues arranged so that together they can perform a special function
Parietal peritoneum: The membrane lining the inside of the abdominal cavity
Superior: Toward the head or above
Tissue: A group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function
8. The mediastinum is located in the midpoint of the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural cavities.
9. The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that each structure has a particular size,
shape, form, or placement in the body that makes it especially efficient at performing a unique, specialized
activity.
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions (p. 22)
1. Digestion is the process by which complex food particles are broken down into simpler substances. Through
the circulatory system, these substances (nutrients) are transported from one body part to another. Growth
occurs as a result of these nutrients increasing the size or number of cells.
2. An endomorph with a waist-to-hip ratio of 1:2 would be predisposed to heart disease, stroke, high blood
pressure, and diabetes.
3. The abdominopelvic regions included in the x-ray would be right iliac, right lumbar, right hypochondriac,
epigastric, left hypochondriac, and umbilical region. The more correct answer would include all nine regions.
4. From the largest to the smallest, the urinary bladder can be placed in the following cavities: ventral cavity,
abdominopelvic cavity, and pelvic cavity.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
, Instructor’s Resource Material for
2 Homeostasis
ANSWER KEYS
Answers to Quick Check Questions
1. The body’s internal environment is a watery fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.
2. Homeostasis is the relatively constant state maintained by the body.
3. In physiology, a set point value for a physiological variable is the value at which the body’s control systems
have “set” as the normal value.
4. Because the human body is essentially a group of many living cells living in a bag (of skin) filled with body
fluid, one can use the analogy of a fishbowl, where the cells living in body fluid are like fish living in
water. Like the fishbowl accessories that maintain a stable environment for the health of fish, our organs
maintain a stable fluid environment in our body.
5. The basic components of every feedback control system are the sensor mechanism, the integrator or control
center, the effector mechanism, and the feedback. The variable is the physiology characteristic being
controlled by the feedback loop and the set point value is the “normal” value for the variable.
6. Room temperature (variable) is kept stable by a thermostat (sensor-integrator) that feeds back information
about room temperature to a controller that turns on the furnace (effector) if the room temperature dips below
the value set on the thermostat (set point value).
7. A feedback loop is “negative” when its response reverses the direction of change (in the variable) detected by
sensors.
8. Negative feedback control systems are inhibitory. They produce an action that is opposite to the change that
activated the system. Negative feedback control systems stabilize physiological variables. Positive feedback
control systems are stimulatory. Positive feedback tends to amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring.
Typically, such responses result in instability and disrupt homeostasis.
9. Examples of such circumstances include bacterial infection, when a higher temperature benefits the fight
against infection, and when variables need to be higher or lower than average during particular times of the
day in order to maintain normal function of the body.
10. A circadian rhythm is a daily pattern in body function, such as a daily drop in body temperature while
sleeping.
11. Any time the body responds to a change that has not happened, but is likely to happen, is a feed-forward
response—like when the stomach becomes active and begins producing digestive juices just before a meal.
12. Intracellular control mechanisms operate at the cell level. These mechanisms regulate functions within the
cells. Intrinsic control mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ levels. They often make use of chemical
signals. Extrinsic control mechanisms operate at the system and organism levels. These usually involve
nervous and endocrine regulation.
Answers to Case Study Questions (p. 35)
1. b: An adrenaline boost causes a number of physical symptoms, including rapid pulse and breathing, which
are all designed to urge the body into action. The term flight-or-flight response is used to describe an
adrenaline release, because it addresses the body’s reaction to the increase in hormone production.
2. d: When Anniston ran her race, skeletal muscles (particularly her legs) worked extensively thus using energy
at a very high rate. This increase in muscle contraction produced a substantial amount of heat, which raised
her core body temperature. In attempt to cool the body down from this increase in temperature, her sweat
glands were activated to produce/secrete sweat (water). This secretion of sweat reduced her body water
levels.
Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
