MICR 2420: Final Exam Questions with
All Correct Answers (2025-2026) Rated
A+.
Three domains of life - Answer Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
Which kingdoms contain unicellular organisms? - Answer Bacteria and Archaea
Which kingdoms contain multicellular organisms? - Answer Plants and Animals (including
fungi)
Robert Hooke - Answer - Built the first compound microscope
- 30x power
- Observed and drew nematoes, mites, and mold sporangia
- Coined the term cell
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek - Answer - Experimented with grinding v powerful lenses
- 500x magnification
- First person to observe single celled organisms
- Called them animalcules
Edward Jenner - Answer Introduced vaccination against smallpox with cowpox scabs
Lazzaro Spallanzani - Answer Displayed that broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow
microbes. People argued it was due to lack of oxygen
Louis Pasteur - Answer - Chirality
- Fermentative metabolism
- Used swan necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation
- Flame under flask, heat sterilization can prevent microbial growth
- Microbes arise from pre existing microbes
- Developed first vaccine based on attenuated strains of microbial pathogens
Florence Nightingale - Answer - Founder of medical epidemiology
,- Demonstrated that infection caused more morbidity than any other condition during the
Crimean war
- Persuaded more hygienic conditions
Robert Koch - Answer - Specific microbes cause specific diseases
- Started with anthrax to determine chain of infection
What are Koch's 4 postulates and what are they used for? - Answer Koch's 4 Postulates:
Defining the causative agent of disease
1) Microbe is found in cases of disease; not in healthy people
2) Microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in a pure culture
3) When microbe introduced in a healthy host, disease ensues
4) Same strain obtained from newly diseased host
Defining the causative agent of disease.
Ignaz Semmelweis - Answer Hand washing an important process for physicians
Joseph Lister - Answer Clean (free from microbes) operating areas for his patients
Alexander Fleming - Answer - Discovered Penicillin
Howard Florey & Ernst Chain - Answer - Purified penicillin
- Inhibits formation of bacterial cell wall
Dimitry Ivanovsky - Answer Causative agent of TMD is smaller than known microbes
Martinus Beijernick - Answer Agent of disease could not be bacterial cells
Wendell Stanley - Answer Processed 4000 kg of tobacco leaves and purified infection virus
by crystallography
What are the four aspects of a microbe? - Answer - Requires a microscope to be seen
- 0.2 micrometer to mm
- Unicellular
- Contains in genome capacity to reproduce its own kind
, What are the three exceptions to the microbial definition? - Answer 1) Some bacteria can be
seen with the naked eye
2) Some bacteria live in complex communities - are they still considered unicellular?
3) Viruses are non cellular particles containing genetic material
Fred Sanger - Answer Developed DNA sequencing method
Metagenome - Answer Environmental collection of sequences, microbes isolated from
natural environment, computational strategy
Microbial ecologists - Answer Studying microbes in their natural habitat
What were 3 of Sergei Winogradsky's contributions? - Answer Among the first to study
bacteria in their natural habitat
1) Lithotrophs
2) Enrichment cultures
3) Winogradsky column
Lithotrophs - Answer Microbes that metabolize inorganic minerals instead of organic
nutrients like the microbes isolated by koch
Earnest Haeckel - Answer Microscopic organisms constitute a third group, neither animal nor
plant
Monera
Herbert copeland - Answer Monera divided into two groups
- Eukaryotic protists (protozoa and algae
- Prokaryotic bacteria
Lynn Margulis - Answer Endosymbiosis
Carl Woese - Answer - Discovered archaea using 16s RNA subunit
- Molecular clock
All Correct Answers (2025-2026) Rated
A+.
Three domains of life - Answer Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
Which kingdoms contain unicellular organisms? - Answer Bacteria and Archaea
Which kingdoms contain multicellular organisms? - Answer Plants and Animals (including
fungi)
Robert Hooke - Answer - Built the first compound microscope
- 30x power
- Observed and drew nematoes, mites, and mold sporangia
- Coined the term cell
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek - Answer - Experimented with grinding v powerful lenses
- 500x magnification
- First person to observe single celled organisms
- Called them animalcules
Edward Jenner - Answer Introduced vaccination against smallpox with cowpox scabs
Lazzaro Spallanzani - Answer Displayed that broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow
microbes. People argued it was due to lack of oxygen
Louis Pasteur - Answer - Chirality
- Fermentative metabolism
- Used swan necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation
- Flame under flask, heat sterilization can prevent microbial growth
- Microbes arise from pre existing microbes
- Developed first vaccine based on attenuated strains of microbial pathogens
Florence Nightingale - Answer - Founder of medical epidemiology
,- Demonstrated that infection caused more morbidity than any other condition during the
Crimean war
- Persuaded more hygienic conditions
Robert Koch - Answer - Specific microbes cause specific diseases
- Started with anthrax to determine chain of infection
What are Koch's 4 postulates and what are they used for? - Answer Koch's 4 Postulates:
Defining the causative agent of disease
1) Microbe is found in cases of disease; not in healthy people
2) Microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in a pure culture
3) When microbe introduced in a healthy host, disease ensues
4) Same strain obtained from newly diseased host
Defining the causative agent of disease.
Ignaz Semmelweis - Answer Hand washing an important process for physicians
Joseph Lister - Answer Clean (free from microbes) operating areas for his patients
Alexander Fleming - Answer - Discovered Penicillin
Howard Florey & Ernst Chain - Answer - Purified penicillin
- Inhibits formation of bacterial cell wall
Dimitry Ivanovsky - Answer Causative agent of TMD is smaller than known microbes
Martinus Beijernick - Answer Agent of disease could not be bacterial cells
Wendell Stanley - Answer Processed 4000 kg of tobacco leaves and purified infection virus
by crystallography
What are the four aspects of a microbe? - Answer - Requires a microscope to be seen
- 0.2 micrometer to mm
- Unicellular
- Contains in genome capacity to reproduce its own kind
, What are the three exceptions to the microbial definition? - Answer 1) Some bacteria can be
seen with the naked eye
2) Some bacteria live in complex communities - are they still considered unicellular?
3) Viruses are non cellular particles containing genetic material
Fred Sanger - Answer Developed DNA sequencing method
Metagenome - Answer Environmental collection of sequences, microbes isolated from
natural environment, computational strategy
Microbial ecologists - Answer Studying microbes in their natural habitat
What were 3 of Sergei Winogradsky's contributions? - Answer Among the first to study
bacteria in their natural habitat
1) Lithotrophs
2) Enrichment cultures
3) Winogradsky column
Lithotrophs - Answer Microbes that metabolize inorganic minerals instead of organic
nutrients like the microbes isolated by koch
Earnest Haeckel - Answer Microscopic organisms constitute a third group, neither animal nor
plant
Monera
Herbert copeland - Answer Monera divided into two groups
- Eukaryotic protists (protozoa and algae
- Prokaryotic bacteria
Lynn Margulis - Answer Endosymbiosis
Carl Woese - Answer - Discovered archaea using 16s RNA subunit
- Molecular clock
