2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉Concentric hypertrophy. Answer: Result of pressure overload such
as hypertension or aortic stenosis
◉Eccentric hypertrophy. Answer: Result of volume overload such as
valvular regurgitation
◉Consequence of hypertrophy. Answer: Initially compensatory but
eventually leads to stiffness impaired filling and heart failure
◉Precipitating factors of heart failure. Answer: Events that acutely
worsen symptoms
◉Examples of precipitating factors. Answer: Infection arrhythmias
excess sodium intake fluid overload medication noncompliance
◉Left sided heart failure. Answer: Causes pulmonary congestion
due to backup of blood into lungs
, ◉Symptoms of left sided heart failure. Answer: Dyspnea orthopnea
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea fatigue diaphoresis
◉Physical findings in left HF. Answer: Pulmonary rales tachycardia
tachypnea loud P2
◉S3 heart sound. Answer: Occurs in systolic dysfunction due to
volume overload
◉S4 heart sound. Answer: Occurs in diastolic dysfunction due to stiff
ventricle
◉Diagnosis of heart failure. Answer: Chest X ray echocardiogram
BNP EKG stress testing
◉Chest X ray finding in HF. Answer: Cardiomegaly and pulmonary
congestion
◉BNP. Answer: Brain natriuretic peptide elevated in heart failure
◉Echocardiogram purpose. Answer: Assesses ejection fraction
chamber size wall motion and valves