CVS 204 FINAL REVIEW PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

CVS 204 FINAL REVIEW PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+


◉Equation for SV. Answer: = EDV-ESV


◉Normal value for SV. Answer: 70-110 mL


◉Define ejection fraction(EF). Answer: precentage of blood being
ejected from the LV duting systole


◉Equation for EF. Answer: =SV/EDV*100


◉Normal value for EF. Answer: greater than 50% up to 75 %


◉Define cardiac output (CO). Answer: amount of blood pumped out
by each ventricle in one minute


◉Equation for CO. Answer: HR x SV

, ◉Normal Value of CO. Answer: 4-8 liters per minute


◉Define Fractional Shortening (FS). Answer: the precentage of
change between end diastolic internal dimension and end systolic
internal dimension


◉Equation for FS. Answer: LVIDd-LVIDs/LVIDd*100


◉Normal value for FS. Answer: 30-50 % about half the EF


◉Frank-Starling Law. Answer: the greater the stretch, the stronger is
the heart's contraction.


◉Preload. Answer: load or volume exerted on the ventricle at the
end of diastole


◉Afterload. Answer: the resistance against which the heart must
pump


◉what increases preload ?. Answer: -mitral regurgitation
-tricupsid " "
-pulmonic ""
-Ventricular and atrial septal defects