BME 302 FINAL CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Visceral pleura. Answer: Lines the outside of the lungs, dipping
down into fissures
Continuous with the parietal pleura
◉ Parietal pleura. Answer: Lines the inside of the chest wall and
diaphragm
◉ Pleural cavity. Answer: In between visceral and parietal
Potential space filled with only a few mm of lubricating fluid
Normally has vaccum or negative pressure which holds the lungs
tightly against the chest wall
◉ Costodiaphragmatic recess. Answer: Potential space
When abnormally fills with air or fluid, compromises lung expansion
◉ Trachea. Answer: Lies anterior to the esophagus
10-11cm long in an adult
Begins at the level of the carotid cartilage in the neck and bifurcates
just below the sternal angle into right and left main bronchi
,◉ Posterior tracheal bifurcation. Answer: At the level of T4 or T5
◉ Right main bronchus. Answer: Shorter, wider, and more vertical
than left main bronchus
◉ Trachea and bronchi. Answer: Transport gases between the
environment and the lung parenchyma
Constitute the "dead space"
◉ Dead space. Answer: Space that is filled with air but is not
available for gaseous exchange
About 150mL in an adult
◉ Bronchial tree. Answer: Protects alveoli from small particulate
matter in the inhaled air
◉ Bronchi. Answer: Lined with goblet cells and cilia
◉ Goblet cells. Answer: Secrete mucus that entraps the particles
◉ Cilia. Answer: Sweep particles upward where they can be
swallowed or expelled
,◉ Acinus. Answer: Functional respiratory unit that consists of
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli
◉ Gaseous exchange. Answer: Occurs across the respiratory
membrane in the alveolar duct and in the millions of alveoli
◉ Alveoli. Answer: Clustered like grapes around each alveolar duct --
creates millions of interalveolar septa
◉ Interalverolar septa. Answer: Increase the workings space for gas
exchange
◉ Four major functions of the respiratory system. Answer:
Supplying oxygen to the body for energy production
Removing carbon dioxide as a waste product of energy reactions
Maintaining homeostasis (acid-base balance) of arterial blood
Maintaining heat exchange (less important in humans)
◉ Hypoventilation. Answer: Causes CO2 to build up in the blood
◉ Involuntary control of respirations is mediated by the ______.
Answer: Pons and medulla (respiratory center in the brainstem)
, ◉ Normal stimulus to breathe. Answer: Increase in CO2 in the blood
(Hypercapnia)
◉ Hypoxemia. Answer: Decrease of O2 in the blood
Increases respirations but is less effective than hypercapnia
◉ Respiration. Answer: Physical act of breathing
Air rushes into the lungs as the chest size increases and is expelled
from the lungs as the chest recoils
◉ Mechanical expansion and contraction of the chest cavity alters
the size of the thoracic container in two dimensions:. Answer: The
vercial diameter lengthens or shortens (accomplished by downward
or upward movement of the diaphragm)
The anteroposterior diameter increases or decreased (accomplished
by elevation or depression of the ribs)
◉ Inspiration. Answer: Increasing the size of the thoracic container
creates a slightly negative pressure in relation to the atmosphere
-Air rushes in to fill the partial vacuum (lengthens the vertical
diameter)
-Intercostal muscles lift the sternum and elevate the ribs making
them more horizontal (increases the AP diameter)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Visceral pleura. Answer: Lines the outside of the lungs, dipping
down into fissures
Continuous with the parietal pleura
◉ Parietal pleura. Answer: Lines the inside of the chest wall and
diaphragm
◉ Pleural cavity. Answer: In between visceral and parietal
Potential space filled with only a few mm of lubricating fluid
Normally has vaccum or negative pressure which holds the lungs
tightly against the chest wall
◉ Costodiaphragmatic recess. Answer: Potential space
When abnormally fills with air or fluid, compromises lung expansion
◉ Trachea. Answer: Lies anterior to the esophagus
10-11cm long in an adult
Begins at the level of the carotid cartilage in the neck and bifurcates
just below the sternal angle into right and left main bronchi
,◉ Posterior tracheal bifurcation. Answer: At the level of T4 or T5
◉ Right main bronchus. Answer: Shorter, wider, and more vertical
than left main bronchus
◉ Trachea and bronchi. Answer: Transport gases between the
environment and the lung parenchyma
Constitute the "dead space"
◉ Dead space. Answer: Space that is filled with air but is not
available for gaseous exchange
About 150mL in an adult
◉ Bronchial tree. Answer: Protects alveoli from small particulate
matter in the inhaled air
◉ Bronchi. Answer: Lined with goblet cells and cilia
◉ Goblet cells. Answer: Secrete mucus that entraps the particles
◉ Cilia. Answer: Sweep particles upward where they can be
swallowed or expelled
,◉ Acinus. Answer: Functional respiratory unit that consists of
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli
◉ Gaseous exchange. Answer: Occurs across the respiratory
membrane in the alveolar duct and in the millions of alveoli
◉ Alveoli. Answer: Clustered like grapes around each alveolar duct --
creates millions of interalveolar septa
◉ Interalverolar septa. Answer: Increase the workings space for gas
exchange
◉ Four major functions of the respiratory system. Answer:
Supplying oxygen to the body for energy production
Removing carbon dioxide as a waste product of energy reactions
Maintaining homeostasis (acid-base balance) of arterial blood
Maintaining heat exchange (less important in humans)
◉ Hypoventilation. Answer: Causes CO2 to build up in the blood
◉ Involuntary control of respirations is mediated by the ______.
Answer: Pons and medulla (respiratory center in the brainstem)
, ◉ Normal stimulus to breathe. Answer: Increase in CO2 in the blood
(Hypercapnia)
◉ Hypoxemia. Answer: Decrease of O2 in the blood
Increases respirations but is less effective than hypercapnia
◉ Respiration. Answer: Physical act of breathing
Air rushes into the lungs as the chest size increases and is expelled
from the lungs as the chest recoils
◉ Mechanical expansion and contraction of the chest cavity alters
the size of the thoracic container in two dimensions:. Answer: The
vercial diameter lengthens or shortens (accomplished by downward
or upward movement of the diaphragm)
The anteroposterior diameter increases or decreased (accomplished
by elevation or depression of the ribs)
◉ Inspiration. Answer: Increasing the size of the thoracic container
creates a slightly negative pressure in relation to the atmosphere
-Air rushes in to fill the partial vacuum (lengthens the vertical
diameter)
-Intercostal muscles lift the sternum and elevate the ribs making
them more horizontal (increases the AP diameter)
