HCR 240 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 |(WEEK 1-4) | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 2026
LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
1. nucleus DNA to RNA
2. transcription DNA to RNA
3. ribosomes may float or be in rough ER
4. translation synth polypep and proteins from RNA
5. endoplasmic connected to outer membrane of nucleus, rough has
ribosomes for translating reticulum and protein transport, smooth for removing
toxins, makes lipids and steriods
6. golgi apparatus USPS, refine and transport
7. lysosome bombs, filled with enzymes, intracellular digestion
8. peroxisome organic materials, detox, fatty acids, phospholipids
, 9. mitochondria double membrane, ATP through ox phos, own DNA
10. cytoplasm 55% of cell volume, free ribosomes, nutrient storage,
compartmentalization
11. plasma mem- regulate movement, perm to hydrophobic brane
12. diffusion movement of solutes from high to low
13. osmosis movement of water from low to high
14. Na/K pump intra is high, extra is low, 3:2
15. hypoxia lack of O2 in tissue/cell, lack in air, lack of
hemoglobin/loss of function, decrease rbc, res/cardio diseases
16. ischemia, blocked blood supply so lack of O2
what is hypoxia commonly caused by
, 17. what is the se- decreased ATP production so anaerobic, active transport
fails so isnt kicking out quence of events Na, cant regulate osmosis water follows
Na, ribosomes detach so no protein synth, that causes hy- mito swell, lysosome
leakage and autodigestion, cell membrane lyses, cell death poxia
18. what happens ischemia reprofusion injury, second injury due to
mitochondria freaking and when oxygen is producing free radicals, pushing out
into cell causing apoptosis restored after being hypoxic
19. asphyxiation injury from failure to get O2
20. 4 categories of suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
asphyxiation
21. carbon monox- carbon monoxide binds to the heme group of
hemoglobin preventing the transide poisoning port of O2 leading to hypoxia
22. free radicals molecules that lost a valence electron, highly reactive
binds to anything to complete octet
, 23. radical oxygen natural, help with chem signaling, pathology in excess
species are _____ formed
24. antioxidants remove radicals by giving up and electron
25. largest environ- air pollution mental health risk
26. 6 categories of co, particle, ozone, so2, no2, lead air pollution
27. lead poisoning learning and behavioral issues, affects CNS/PNS, from
paint, environment, work, chelation therapy binds to lead but dangerous
28. ethanol poison- nutritional deficiencies, highly caloric,
metabolized in liver but toxic, CNS, fetal
ing alcohol syn bc fetal liver cant metabolize
29. immune mediat- abnormal response due to perceived foreign substances
ed hypersensitivity rxn
LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
1. nucleus DNA to RNA
2. transcription DNA to RNA
3. ribosomes may float or be in rough ER
4. translation synth polypep and proteins from RNA
5. endoplasmic connected to outer membrane of nucleus, rough has
ribosomes for translating reticulum and protein transport, smooth for removing
toxins, makes lipids and steriods
6. golgi apparatus USPS, refine and transport
7. lysosome bombs, filled with enzymes, intracellular digestion
8. peroxisome organic materials, detox, fatty acids, phospholipids
, 9. mitochondria double membrane, ATP through ox phos, own DNA
10. cytoplasm 55% of cell volume, free ribosomes, nutrient storage,
compartmentalization
11. plasma mem- regulate movement, perm to hydrophobic brane
12. diffusion movement of solutes from high to low
13. osmosis movement of water from low to high
14. Na/K pump intra is high, extra is low, 3:2
15. hypoxia lack of O2 in tissue/cell, lack in air, lack of
hemoglobin/loss of function, decrease rbc, res/cardio diseases
16. ischemia, blocked blood supply so lack of O2
what is hypoxia commonly caused by
, 17. what is the se- decreased ATP production so anaerobic, active transport
fails so isnt kicking out quence of events Na, cant regulate osmosis water follows
Na, ribosomes detach so no protein synth, that causes hy- mito swell, lysosome
leakage and autodigestion, cell membrane lyses, cell death poxia
18. what happens ischemia reprofusion injury, second injury due to
mitochondria freaking and when oxygen is producing free radicals, pushing out
into cell causing apoptosis restored after being hypoxic
19. asphyxiation injury from failure to get O2
20. 4 categories of suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
asphyxiation
21. carbon monox- carbon monoxide binds to the heme group of
hemoglobin preventing the transide poisoning port of O2 leading to hypoxia
22. free radicals molecules that lost a valence electron, highly reactive
binds to anything to complete octet
, 23. radical oxygen natural, help with chem signaling, pathology in excess
species are _____ formed
24. antioxidants remove radicals by giving up and electron
25. largest environ- air pollution mental health risk
26. 6 categories of co, particle, ozone, so2, no2, lead air pollution
27. lead poisoning learning and behavioral issues, affects CNS/PNS, from
paint, environment, work, chelation therapy binds to lead but dangerous
28. ethanol poison- nutritional deficiencies, highly caloric,
metabolized in liver but toxic, CNS, fetal
ing alcohol syn bc fetal liver cant metabolize
29. immune mediat- abnormal response due to perceived foreign substances
ed hypersensitivity rxn
