HCR 240 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 SARDER | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 2026
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1. (passive transport) Dif- movement of solute molecules from areas of high to low concentration
fusion
2. Reference ranges for pH: 7.35-7.45 acid base disorders PaCO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
3. acid base disorder CO2 <- HCO3 + H equation
4. (passive transport) Os- Movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to high solute mosis
concentration
5. nucleus controls cell division and genetic information (DNA and RNA)
6. ribosomes RNA-protein complexes that are created in the nucleus and secreted
into the cytoplasm; may float freely or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, synthesizes polypeptides and
proteins from RNA
, 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum rough: contains ribosomes, synthesizes, folds and transports proteins smooth:
synthesized lipids and steroid hormones, removes toxic substances from the cell
8. golgi apparatus refines and transports proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharide
molecules within the cell
9. lysosome sac-like organelles filled with enzymes (hydrolases), functions in intra-
cellular digestion and autophagy (apoptosis)
10. peroxisome sac-like organelles filled with enzymes (catalase and urate oxidase),
detoxifies waste, breaks down fatty acids, and synthesizes specialized phospholipids
11. mitochondria
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production
generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, contain their own DNA that codes for enzymes
12. Atrophy decrease in cell size; typically associated with decreased protein synthe-
sis and increased protein catabolism EX: aging, paralyzed
, 13. Hypertrophy Increase in cell size that consequently increases the size of the affected organ
EX: big cell, enlarged Uterine during pregnancy
14. Hyperplasia increased in the number of cells due to increased cell division (more
cells, same size) EX: regeneration
15. What are the differ- hypoxia, free radicals, toxic chemicals, infectious agents, immunological ent
mechanisms caus- reactions, physical and mechanical factors, nutritional imbalances, geing cell injury netic
factors
16. what is hypoxia lack of oxygen in cell or tissue: caused by lack of oxygen in air, loss of he-
moglobin, reduced RBC number, respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, ischemia is most common (lack of blood
supply, results in decreased ATP production, detachment of ribosomes, failure of active transport mechanisms,
leakage of lysosome enzymes, lysis and cell death
17. Asphyxiation types suffocation: lack of oxygen in environment or blockage of airways, mechanical
blockage
strangulation: compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages of the neck, physical trauma chemical:
carbon monoxide, cyanide drowning: breathing in fluid instead of oxygen
LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
1. (passive transport) Dif- movement of solute molecules from areas of high to low concentration
fusion
2. Reference ranges for pH: 7.35-7.45 acid base disorders PaCO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
3. acid base disorder CO2 <- HCO3 + H equation
4. (passive transport) Os- Movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to high solute mosis
concentration
5. nucleus controls cell division and genetic information (DNA and RNA)
6. ribosomes RNA-protein complexes that are created in the nucleus and secreted
into the cytoplasm; may float freely or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, synthesizes polypeptides and
proteins from RNA
, 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum rough: contains ribosomes, synthesizes, folds and transports proteins smooth:
synthesized lipids and steroid hormones, removes toxic substances from the cell
8. golgi apparatus refines and transports proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharide
molecules within the cell
9. lysosome sac-like organelles filled with enzymes (hydrolases), functions in intra-
cellular digestion and autophagy (apoptosis)
10. peroxisome sac-like organelles filled with enzymes (catalase and urate oxidase),
detoxifies waste, breaks down fatty acids, and synthesizes specialized phospholipids
11. mitochondria
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production
generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, contain their own DNA that codes for enzymes
12. Atrophy decrease in cell size; typically associated with decreased protein synthe-
sis and increased protein catabolism EX: aging, paralyzed
, 13. Hypertrophy Increase in cell size that consequently increases the size of the affected organ
EX: big cell, enlarged Uterine during pregnancy
14. Hyperplasia increased in the number of cells due to increased cell division (more
cells, same size) EX: regeneration
15. What are the differ- hypoxia, free radicals, toxic chemicals, infectious agents, immunological ent
mechanisms caus- reactions, physical and mechanical factors, nutritional imbalances, geing cell injury netic
factors
16. what is hypoxia lack of oxygen in cell or tissue: caused by lack of oxygen in air, loss of he-
moglobin, reduced RBC number, respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, ischemia is most common (lack of blood
supply, results in decreased ATP production, detachment of ribosomes, failure of active transport mechanisms,
leakage of lysosome enzymes, lysis and cell death
17. Asphyxiation types suffocation: lack of oxygen in environment or blockage of airways, mechanical
blockage
strangulation: compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages of the neck, physical trauma chemical:
carbon monoxide, cyanide drowning: breathing in fluid instead of oxygen
