NSG 3280 Pathophysiology Comprehensive Exam
Review Questions and Answers
1.Which cellular adaptation is most common in chronic hypertension?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
2.What is the primary cause of hypoxemia in pneumonia?
A. Increased cardiac output
B. Impaired alveolar gas exchange
C. Decreased hemoglobin levels
D. Increased oxygen demand
3.Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
4.In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the underlying pathophysiology is:
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Increased hepatic glucose production
D. Decreased glucagon secretion
,5.Which compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic anemia?
A. Decreased heart rate
B. Increased cardiac output
C. Decreased erythropoietin
D. Increased blood viscosity
6.Which condition is characterized by loss of dopamine-producing neurons?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Huntington’s disease
D. Multiple sclerosis
7.Which acid-base imbalance is most likely in COPD exacerbation?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
8.Which hormone is elevated in hyperthyroidism?
A. TSH
B. T3/T4
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin
9.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?
A. Type II
B. Type III
, C. Type I
D. Type IV
10.Which lab finding is most consistent with nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Proteinuria
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Leukocytosis
11.Which structural change occurs in emphysema?
A. Fibrosis of alveoli
B. Destruction of alveolar walls
C. Increased surfactant production
D. Bronchial hyperreactivity
12.Which clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A?
A. Factor IX
B. Factor VIII
C. Factor X
D. Factor V
13.Which condition is associated with “moon face” and “buffalo hump”?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Graves’ disease
D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
14.Which neurotransmitter is decreased in Alzheimer’s disease?
, A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Serotonin
D. GABA
15.Which type of shock is caused by severe blood loss?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Septic
D. Neurogenic
16.Which lab result indicates metabolic acidosis?
A. pH 7.48, HCO₃⁻ 28
B. pH 7.30, HCO₃⁻ 18
C. pH 7.50, PaCO₂ 30
D. pH 7.40, PaCO₂ 40
17.Which condition is characterized by demyelination of CNS neurons?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. ALS
18.Which electrolyte imbalance is common in renal failure?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
Review Questions and Answers
1.Which cellular adaptation is most common in chronic hypertension?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
2.What is the primary cause of hypoxemia in pneumonia?
A. Increased cardiac output
B. Impaired alveolar gas exchange
C. Decreased hemoglobin levels
D. Increased oxygen demand
3.Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
4.In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the underlying pathophysiology is:
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Increased hepatic glucose production
D. Decreased glucagon secretion
,5.Which compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic anemia?
A. Decreased heart rate
B. Increased cardiac output
C. Decreased erythropoietin
D. Increased blood viscosity
6.Which condition is characterized by loss of dopamine-producing neurons?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Huntington’s disease
D. Multiple sclerosis
7.Which acid-base imbalance is most likely in COPD exacerbation?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
8.Which hormone is elevated in hyperthyroidism?
A. TSH
B. T3/T4
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin
9.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?
A. Type II
B. Type III
, C. Type I
D. Type IV
10.Which lab finding is most consistent with nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Proteinuria
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Leukocytosis
11.Which structural change occurs in emphysema?
A. Fibrosis of alveoli
B. Destruction of alveolar walls
C. Increased surfactant production
D. Bronchial hyperreactivity
12.Which clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A?
A. Factor IX
B. Factor VIII
C. Factor X
D. Factor V
13.Which condition is associated with “moon face” and “buffalo hump”?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Graves’ disease
D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
14.Which neurotransmitter is decreased in Alzheimer’s disease?
, A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Serotonin
D. GABA
15.Which type of shock is caused by severe blood loss?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Septic
D. Neurogenic
16.Which lab result indicates metabolic acidosis?
A. pH 7.48, HCO₃⁻ 28
B. pH 7.30, HCO₃⁻ 18
C. pH 7.50, PaCO₂ 30
D. pH 7.40, PaCO₂ 40
17.Which condition is characterized by demyelination of CNS neurons?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. ALS
18.Which electrolyte imbalance is common in renal failure?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
