BUAL 2600 YAN EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026
Data - Answers - Facts and figures from which conclusions can be drawn
Data Set - Answers - The data that are collected for a particular study
Variable - Answers - any characteristic of an element
Quantitative Variables - Answers - The possible measurements of the values of a
variable are numbers that represent quantities
Ex: Age
Qualitative (Categorical) Variables - Answers - Labels or names used to identify an
attribute of each element
Ex: Names, addresses, phone numbers
Cross Sectional Data - Answers - Data collected at. the same time or approximately the
same time
Time Series Data - Answers - Data collected over different time periods
Population - Answers - A set of all elements about which we draw conclusions
Sample - Answers - A. subset of all the elements in a population
Probability Sampling - Answers - Sampling where we know the change that each
element in the population will be included in the sequence
convience sampling - Answers - sampling where we select elements because they are
convenient to sample
not a probability sample
voluntary response sampling - Answers - samples in which participants self-select
-frequently used by radio and television
-over represent people with strong opinions
judgements sampling - Answers - samples in which a person who is extremely
knowledgable about the population selects population elements he or she feels are
most representative
nominative variable - Answers - a qualitative variable for which there is no meaningful
ordering, or ranking, of the categories
, Ex: gender, car color
ordinal variable - Answers - A qualitative variable for which there is a meaningful
ordering or ranking of the categories.
Ex: teaching effectiveness
interval variable - Answers - All of the characteristics of ordinal (meaningful ranking)
plus... measurements are on a numerical scale with an arbitrary zero point and can only
meaningfully compare values by the interval between them
Ex: Temperature
ratio variable - Answers - interval plus Measurements are on a numerical scale with a
meaningful zero point such as anything related to money
Ex: Earnings, profit, loss, age, distance, height
stratified random sampling - Answers - divide population into non-overlapping groups
(strata) then select a random sample from each strata
multistage cluster sampling - Answers - divide population into clusters and then
randomly select clusters to sample
systematic sampling - Answers - list population, select random starting point, sample
each nth element
dichotomous questions - Answers - -clearly stated
-easy to answer
-easy to analyze
-limited information
multiple choice questions - Answers - -allow more than two responses
-usually analyzed with averages
open-ended questions - Answers - -most honest and complete information
-cannot be readily summarized
phone surveys - Answers - -inexpensive
-low response rate
mail surveys - Answers - -inexpensive
-low response rate (20-30%)
-requires multiple mailings
web surveys - Answers - -cheaper still
-same problems as mail surveys
personal interviews - Answers - -more expensive
2026
Data - Answers - Facts and figures from which conclusions can be drawn
Data Set - Answers - The data that are collected for a particular study
Variable - Answers - any characteristic of an element
Quantitative Variables - Answers - The possible measurements of the values of a
variable are numbers that represent quantities
Ex: Age
Qualitative (Categorical) Variables - Answers - Labels or names used to identify an
attribute of each element
Ex: Names, addresses, phone numbers
Cross Sectional Data - Answers - Data collected at. the same time or approximately the
same time
Time Series Data - Answers - Data collected over different time periods
Population - Answers - A set of all elements about which we draw conclusions
Sample - Answers - A. subset of all the elements in a population
Probability Sampling - Answers - Sampling where we know the change that each
element in the population will be included in the sequence
convience sampling - Answers - sampling where we select elements because they are
convenient to sample
not a probability sample
voluntary response sampling - Answers - samples in which participants self-select
-frequently used by radio and television
-over represent people with strong opinions
judgements sampling - Answers - samples in which a person who is extremely
knowledgable about the population selects population elements he or she feels are
most representative
nominative variable - Answers - a qualitative variable for which there is no meaningful
ordering, or ranking, of the categories
, Ex: gender, car color
ordinal variable - Answers - A qualitative variable for which there is a meaningful
ordering or ranking of the categories.
Ex: teaching effectiveness
interval variable - Answers - All of the characteristics of ordinal (meaningful ranking)
plus... measurements are on a numerical scale with an arbitrary zero point and can only
meaningfully compare values by the interval between them
Ex: Temperature
ratio variable - Answers - interval plus Measurements are on a numerical scale with a
meaningful zero point such as anything related to money
Ex: Earnings, profit, loss, age, distance, height
stratified random sampling - Answers - divide population into non-overlapping groups
(strata) then select a random sample from each strata
multistage cluster sampling - Answers - divide population into clusters and then
randomly select clusters to sample
systematic sampling - Answers - list population, select random starting point, sample
each nth element
dichotomous questions - Answers - -clearly stated
-easy to answer
-easy to analyze
-limited information
multiple choice questions - Answers - -allow more than two responses
-usually analyzed with averages
open-ended questions - Answers - -most honest and complete information
-cannot be readily summarized
phone surveys - Answers - -inexpensive
-low response rate
mail surveys - Answers - -inexpensive
-low response rate (20-30%)
-requires multiple mailings
web surveys - Answers - -cheaper still
-same problems as mail surveys
personal interviews - Answers - -more expensive
