BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
What is game theory?
An evolutionary theory that involves competition and cooperation as interactive strategies with
different fitness payoffs
What makes a strategy evolutionarily stable?
if that strategy cannot be replaced, or invaded by any other strategy through natural selection
What is the prisoner's dilemma?
a situation where people choose between a cooperative act and a defect act that benefits
themselves but hurts others
What strategies work for the prisoner's dilemma?
For single interactions selfish behaviours are favoured, and repeated interactions favour
cooperation. Benefit received has to be greater than benefit given to others
What is meant by reciprocal cooperation?
When a behaviour is adaptive because it provides an immediate benefit to another at the time but
has a fitness benefit for the self later
, BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
What is a Nash equilibrium?
In game theory, the result of all players' playing their best strategy given what their competitors
are doing.
What does ESS stand for?
evolutionary stable strategy
In the hawk-dove game, who wins?
Two possible strategies:
- Hawk always attacks
- Dove always retreats
What is the ESS in hawk-dove game?
All Hawks
How does the hawk-dove game involve frequency dependent selection?
the expected payoff to a hawk or a dove depends on the frequency of hawks and doves in the
population
what is an ideal free distribution?
, BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
Individuals are free to distribute themselves in patches and will distribute themselves with
respect to resources in patches
How did Milinski's (1979) sticklebacks show an ideal free distribution?
The sticklebacks utilized patches as predicted by IFD
What is despotic distribution?
the quality of habitat controlled by territorial animals should vary depending on their competitive
ability and the availability of resources
How is despotic distribution different from ideal free distribution?
Same but in territories opposed to patches
How are habitats settles when despotic distribution is in place?
Better habitat settled first, then poor habitat. Once both are settles, new individuals may be
blocked
What is an encounter effect?
the probability of detection of a group does not increase in proportion to an increase in group
size. Larger group = greater distance
, BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
How does an encounter effect affect group size?
does not increase proportionately to the increase in group size
What is the dilution effect?
The more creatures living in your group, the lower the chance you will be eaten. increases the
chance of survival
How does the dilution effect affect group size?
for any one predator attack, the larger the group of prey animals, the smaller is the chance that
any particular individual will be the victim
What is vigilance?
the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible predators or danger
How are group size, vigilance, and predator detection related?
In groups there is better detections of predators, more eyes and ears
What is the trafalgar effect?
Fleeing as a trigger effect -- relaying predator/enemy presence down the line
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
What is game theory?
An evolutionary theory that involves competition and cooperation as interactive strategies with
different fitness payoffs
What makes a strategy evolutionarily stable?
if that strategy cannot be replaced, or invaded by any other strategy through natural selection
What is the prisoner's dilemma?
a situation where people choose between a cooperative act and a defect act that benefits
themselves but hurts others
What strategies work for the prisoner's dilemma?
For single interactions selfish behaviours are favoured, and repeated interactions favour
cooperation. Benefit received has to be greater than benefit given to others
What is meant by reciprocal cooperation?
When a behaviour is adaptive because it provides an immediate benefit to another at the time but
has a fitness benefit for the self later
, BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
What is a Nash equilibrium?
In game theory, the result of all players' playing their best strategy given what their competitors
are doing.
What does ESS stand for?
evolutionary stable strategy
In the hawk-dove game, who wins?
Two possible strategies:
- Hawk always attacks
- Dove always retreats
What is the ESS in hawk-dove game?
All Hawks
How does the hawk-dove game involve frequency dependent selection?
the expected payoff to a hawk or a dove depends on the frequency of hawks and doves in the
population
what is an ideal free distribution?
, BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
Individuals are free to distribute themselves in patches and will distribute themselves with
respect to resources in patches
How did Milinski's (1979) sticklebacks show an ideal free distribution?
The sticklebacks utilized patches as predicted by IFD
What is despotic distribution?
the quality of habitat controlled by territorial animals should vary depending on their competitive
ability and the availability of resources
How is despotic distribution different from ideal free distribution?
Same but in territories opposed to patches
How are habitats settles when despotic distribution is in place?
Better habitat settled first, then poor habitat. Once both are settles, new individuals may be
blocked
What is an encounter effect?
the probability of detection of a group does not increase in proportion to an increase in group
size. Larger group = greater distance
, BIOL 459 Midterm Exam V2 (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Actual Questions & Answers |
100% Verified | Grade A | Complete-PDF
How does an encounter effect affect group size?
does not increase proportionately to the increase in group size
What is the dilution effect?
The more creatures living in your group, the lower the chance you will be eaten. increases the
chance of survival
How does the dilution effect affect group size?
for any one predator attack, the larger the group of prey animals, the smaller is the chance that
any particular individual will be the victim
What is vigilance?
the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible predators or danger
How are group size, vigilance, and predator detection related?
In groups there is better detections of predators, more eyes and ears
What is the trafalgar effect?
Fleeing as a trigger effect -- relaying predator/enemy presence down the line
