CARDIAC COMPLEX CARE ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Preload.
Answer: -volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic
pressure)
-Increased in hypervolemia, regurgitation, heart failure
●● Afterload.
Answer: -resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
-Increased in hypertension, vasoconstriction
-increased afterload=increased cardiac workload
●● Hypertension.
Answer: -narrowing of vascular lumen
-Defined as BP > 140/90
-Increases risk of MI 10 fold in all populations
-Increases risk of comorbidities: Atherosclerosis, MI, Renal Failure
●● HTN risk factors.
,Answer: -Modifiable: Tobacco, Physical Inactivity & Obesity, Diabetes,
Stress; depression, anxiety, anger
-Non modifiable: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Family Hx
●● JNC HTN Guidelines.
Answer: -Age based
-Adults 18-60 lifestyle modifications BP goal < 140/90
-Adults with CKD or DM BP goal <140/90
-Adults >60 BP Goal <150/90
-Reinforce lifestyle adherence at each step
●● HTN Management.
Answer: -Lifestyle modifications: Diet (DASH diet), Exercise (3-4
days/week), Tobacco cessation, Etoh reduction, Stress reduction
-Meds: ACEI, ARB, Thiazide. CCB
●● myocardial infarction.
Answer: -Begins with myocardial ischemia (then injury, infarct)
-When demand for myocardial O2 exceeds coronary arteries' ability to
supply O2
-Hypoxia occurs within 10 seconds of occlusion
-Infarction and cell death occurs after 20 minutes of hypoxia
-Cell death is IRREVERSIBLE
, -Occurs when >75% of coronary vessel occluded
AKA ACS
-MEDICAL EMERGENCY
-Includes: Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevated MI
-Sxs Result of sustained ischemia
-Causes irreversible myocardial necrosis
-Necrosis of entire thickness of myocardium occurs after 4 hours, can
take up to 20 hours
-Degree of altered cardiac function related to location, duration, and size
of the infarct
-Contractile function of heart is disrupted in areas of myocardial
necrosis
-Most MIs involve Left Ventricle
●● MI EKG Changes.
Answer: -EKG Changes Occur with ACS: T wave inversion, ST segment
elevation, Abnormal Q wave
-Changes vary with duration, location, and extent of ischemia
-ST Elevation occurs ischemia affects complete thickness of the
myocardial wall
●● MI Signs and symptoms.
Answer: -Vital Signs: Rate and Rhythm changes, tachypnea, BP changes
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Preload.
Answer: -volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic
pressure)
-Increased in hypervolemia, regurgitation, heart failure
●● Afterload.
Answer: -resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
-Increased in hypertension, vasoconstriction
-increased afterload=increased cardiac workload
●● Hypertension.
Answer: -narrowing of vascular lumen
-Defined as BP > 140/90
-Increases risk of MI 10 fold in all populations
-Increases risk of comorbidities: Atherosclerosis, MI, Renal Failure
●● HTN risk factors.
,Answer: -Modifiable: Tobacco, Physical Inactivity & Obesity, Diabetes,
Stress; depression, anxiety, anger
-Non modifiable: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Family Hx
●● JNC HTN Guidelines.
Answer: -Age based
-Adults 18-60 lifestyle modifications BP goal < 140/90
-Adults with CKD or DM BP goal <140/90
-Adults >60 BP Goal <150/90
-Reinforce lifestyle adherence at each step
●● HTN Management.
Answer: -Lifestyle modifications: Diet (DASH diet), Exercise (3-4
days/week), Tobacco cessation, Etoh reduction, Stress reduction
-Meds: ACEI, ARB, Thiazide. CCB
●● myocardial infarction.
Answer: -Begins with myocardial ischemia (then injury, infarct)
-When demand for myocardial O2 exceeds coronary arteries' ability to
supply O2
-Hypoxia occurs within 10 seconds of occlusion
-Infarction and cell death occurs after 20 minutes of hypoxia
-Cell death is IRREVERSIBLE
, -Occurs when >75% of coronary vessel occluded
AKA ACS
-MEDICAL EMERGENCY
-Includes: Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevated MI
-Sxs Result of sustained ischemia
-Causes irreversible myocardial necrosis
-Necrosis of entire thickness of myocardium occurs after 4 hours, can
take up to 20 hours
-Degree of altered cardiac function related to location, duration, and size
of the infarct
-Contractile function of heart is disrupted in areas of myocardial
necrosis
-Most MIs involve Left Ventricle
●● MI EKG Changes.
Answer: -EKG Changes Occur with ACS: T wave inversion, ST segment
elevation, Abnormal Q wave
-Changes vary with duration, location, and extent of ischemia
-ST Elevation occurs ischemia affects complete thickness of the
myocardial wall
●● MI Signs and symptoms.
Answer: -Vital Signs: Rate and Rhythm changes, tachypnea, BP changes
