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Summary Hamlet Act 1 – Grade 12 English Notes (Scenes 1–5)

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These detailed notes cover Act 1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, focusing on key scenes, characters and themes. Perfect for Grade 12 learners preparing for exams, essays or oral presentations. What’s inside: - Scene summaries (1–5): Clear breakdowns of events, characters and dramatic significance. - Themes: Corruption, appearance vs reality, betrayal, revenge and foreshadowing. - Character insights: Hamlet’s grief and sarcasm, Claudius’s manipulation, Ophelia’s obedience, Laertes’s warnings, Polonius’s hypocrisy. - Ghost’s revelation: The truth about King Hamlet’s murder and Hamlet’s vow of revenge. - Key quotations explained: “Frailty, thy name is woman”, “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark”, “Oh villain, villain, smiling damned villain”. Structured for quick revision and exam readiness, these notes simplify Shakespeare’s complex language and highlight the most important exam‑relevant content.

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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Act 1 Scene 1



Inroduction: Ghost leaves:
Scene takes place on the sentry plat form of the royal * Horatio thinks back to when Hamlet defeated
castle of Elsinore in demark (platform for guns from Fortinbras
castle to be trained on the sea passage between Sweden − Took their land as well and
and Demark
− Fortinbras who was killed by king
* Francisco and Bernardo are guards that stand hamlet, and
watch at demark Elsinore castle, the two- − How young Fortinbras seeks to avenge
exchange small talk about the weather. Francisco his father's death and reclaim the land.
complains, "For this relief much thanks, 'tis bitter − Young Fortinbras is seen to be a man of
cold. / And I am sick at heart." Foreshadow the action later we see that his character
doom that comes. contrasts with hamlet (will be a foil to
* They are the only ones on watch as the rest of prince hamlet)
the soldiers are getting ready for war (cannons) * The tension between demark and Norway is
* Francisco is about to go off shift another guard evident
Marcellus as well as a friend that schooled with * “This bodes some strange eruption to our
hamlet Horatio identifying themselves as loyal state”
Danish subjects appear to see the apparition of − Corruption stems from the king to the
king Hamlet. Horatio wants to see if this so- people *theme of corruption*
called apparition is true. Marcellus tells Barnardo * Horatio sees the king dressed in armer as a
that he has invited Horatio to see the Ghost bad omen (bad fortune) and becomes fearful
himself, as he trusts Horatio to "approve our of what this omen foreshadows for hamlet
eyes and speak to it. Horatio is a scholar and the country, that the appearance of the
therefore the guards see him in high esteem to ghost could mean unfinished business
understand what they are seeing (the apparition)
* The apparition remains silent as he was
offended as all three of them were upset and
Ghost appears: scared
* Marcellus encourages Horatio to address the * The ghost reappears
spirit (the spirit was either good or evil not sure * The crowing cock trumpets the arrival of
yet). They recognize it as the "majesty of buried morning, however, and Horatio realizes that
Denmark" — the recently dead King Hamlet, king no spirit can stay out in the daylight; they
hamlet is wearing armer (one only wears armer watch the Ghost disappear into the dissolving
during a battel) it’s the same armer he wore darkness
during the war when he defeated Fortinbras of * Horatio, suggest they inform hamlet of what
Norway. they have seen (good friend)
* The guards tell Horatio to speak to the ghost but
is overcome with fear.
* The apparition remains silent as he was offended
as all three of them were upset and scared

, Notes:
The entire scene is geared towards two things

* the occurrence of something unnatural in Denmark
and the appearance of the ghost and the message
it wishes to impart
* so young hamlet is naturally introduced right at the
very end as the person to whom the ghost will talk
,hamlet holds the key to the mystery

Quotations:
* “When he the ambitious Norway combated “

Old hamlet defeated Norway when he was king. Norway
then forfeited certain lands to Denmark



* “This bodes some strange eruption to our state”

Abnormal events such as earthquakes( in this case the
appearance of the ghost) are forewarnings that the
normal pattern of existence is about to be disrupted the
word eruption suggests the breaking out of something
horrible (as a disease) Such events occur when the chain
of being as broken.



* ‘’Sharked up a list of lawless resolutes which is
no other/ but to recover of us by strong hand/
those foresaid lands /so by his father's lost’’

Fortinbras has indiscriminately collected a gang of
ruffians to recover the lost land he possesses a threat to
Denmark. The new king has to deal with this ,Denmark is
preparing for war.

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