HSC 214 HEALTH SCIENCES AND PUBLIC
HEALTH |DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH STUDIES
Concepts and Controversies in Health |Final Spring
Examination
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2025/2026
Basic research can be defined as:
a. informal research conducted by a small staff with a small budget, the purpose of which is to
shed light on a problem of local interest.
b. research intended to address issues that have immediate relevance to current practices,
procedures, and/or policies.
c. research intended to enhance basic knowledge about the physical, biological, psychological,
or social world or to shed light on historical, cultural, or aesthetic phenomena.
d. large-scale research performed under contract with a governmental agency such as the
National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), etc.
c. research intended to enhance basic knowledge about the physical, biological, psychological,
or social world or to shed light on historical, cultural, or aesthetic phenomena.
There are four research purposes, the purpose of descriptive research is to:
a. determine whether there is a cause and effect relationship between variables.
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,b. explore an area of research not clearly defined.
c. determine how well something is working.
d. develop a better description and scope of the problem.
d. develop a better description and scope of the problem
The term paradigm can be defined as:
a. systematically reviewing the literature to verify the problem has the potential to generate
new knowledge.
b. there is no one truth rooted in natural laws, rather truth is fluid and rooted in societal
constructs.
c. the researcher's beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the
pursuit of new knowledge.
d. the generation of new knowledge.
c. the researcher's beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the
pursuit of new knowledge.
Research can be defined as:
a. there is no one truth rooted in natural laws, rather truth is fluid and rooted in societal
constructs.
2|Page
,b. the researcher's beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the
pursuit of new knowledge.
c. the generation of new knowledge.
d. systematically reviewing the literature to verify the problem has the potential to generate
new knowledge
c. the generation of new knowledge.
Sampling can be defined as the way a researcher:
a. selects the research design.
b. collects data using tools and instruments.
c.selects how the data will be analyzed.
d. recruits or selects individuals from a population to be participants in the study.
d. recruits or selects individuals from a population to be participants in the study.
Which statement below best defines the term scientific merit?
a. It's a combination of concepts: the researcher's expertise to conduct the study, the ability of
the study to generate new knowledge, and the systematic approach to conducting the study.
b. It's a combination of concepts: the paradigm the researcher is working under plus the rigor of
the systematic review of the literature.
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, c. Scientific merit is achieved when the researcher uses deductive reasoning, not inductive
reasoning.
d. Scientific merit is only achieved when the purpose of the research is explanatory or
evaluative, not descriptive or exploratory.
a. It's a combination of concepts: the researcher's expertise to conduct the study, the ability of
the study to generate new knowledge, and the systematic approach to conducting the study.
When a researcher believes that they can seamlessly go between multiple types of evidence,
that both deductive and inductive reasoning are compatible during data analysis, and that both
natural law and social constructs should be taken into consideration when seeking new
knowledge, the researcher is using which paradigm?
a. Constructivism
b. Post-positivism
c.Positivism
d. Pragmatism
d. Pragmatism
A researcher observes a small group of teenagers talking about marijuana. The researcher finds
that the teens have misinformation about the short and long-term effects of marijuana use and
concludes most teenagers have limited knowledge on the effects of marijuana use. This scenario
is an example of:
a. propositional reasoning
b. inductive reasoning
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HEALTH |DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH STUDIES
Concepts and Controversies in Health |Final Spring
Examination
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2025/2026
Basic research can be defined as:
a. informal research conducted by a small staff with a small budget, the purpose of which is to
shed light on a problem of local interest.
b. research intended to address issues that have immediate relevance to current practices,
procedures, and/or policies.
c. research intended to enhance basic knowledge about the physical, biological, psychological,
or social world or to shed light on historical, cultural, or aesthetic phenomena.
d. large-scale research performed under contract with a governmental agency such as the
National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), etc.
c. research intended to enhance basic knowledge about the physical, biological, psychological,
or social world or to shed light on historical, cultural, or aesthetic phenomena.
There are four research purposes, the purpose of descriptive research is to:
a. determine whether there is a cause and effect relationship between variables.
1|Page
,b. explore an area of research not clearly defined.
c. determine how well something is working.
d. develop a better description and scope of the problem.
d. develop a better description and scope of the problem
The term paradigm can be defined as:
a. systematically reviewing the literature to verify the problem has the potential to generate
new knowledge.
b. there is no one truth rooted in natural laws, rather truth is fluid and rooted in societal
constructs.
c. the researcher's beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the
pursuit of new knowledge.
d. the generation of new knowledge.
c. the researcher's beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the
pursuit of new knowledge.
Research can be defined as:
a. there is no one truth rooted in natural laws, rather truth is fluid and rooted in societal
constructs.
2|Page
,b. the researcher's beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the
pursuit of new knowledge.
c. the generation of new knowledge.
d. systematically reviewing the literature to verify the problem has the potential to generate
new knowledge
c. the generation of new knowledge.
Sampling can be defined as the way a researcher:
a. selects the research design.
b. collects data using tools and instruments.
c.selects how the data will be analyzed.
d. recruits or selects individuals from a population to be participants in the study.
d. recruits or selects individuals from a population to be participants in the study.
Which statement below best defines the term scientific merit?
a. It's a combination of concepts: the researcher's expertise to conduct the study, the ability of
the study to generate new knowledge, and the systematic approach to conducting the study.
b. It's a combination of concepts: the paradigm the researcher is working under plus the rigor of
the systematic review of the literature.
3|Page
, c. Scientific merit is achieved when the researcher uses deductive reasoning, not inductive
reasoning.
d. Scientific merit is only achieved when the purpose of the research is explanatory or
evaluative, not descriptive or exploratory.
a. It's a combination of concepts: the researcher's expertise to conduct the study, the ability of
the study to generate new knowledge, and the systematic approach to conducting the study.
When a researcher believes that they can seamlessly go between multiple types of evidence,
that both deductive and inductive reasoning are compatible during data analysis, and that both
natural law and social constructs should be taken into consideration when seeking new
knowledge, the researcher is using which paradigm?
a. Constructivism
b. Post-positivism
c.Positivism
d. Pragmatism
d. Pragmatism
A researcher observes a small group of teenagers talking about marijuana. The researcher finds
that the teens have misinformation about the short and long-term effects of marijuana use and
concludes most teenagers have limited knowledge on the effects of marijuana use. This scenario
is an example of:
a. propositional reasoning
b. inductive reasoning
4|Page
