INTERNAL MEDICINE FINAL SPRING EXAMINATION
2025/2026|MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
Comprehensive Assessment of Adult Disease Diagnosis, Clinical Reasoning, and
Evidence-Based Management
A 24-year-old woman presents with complaints of excessive thirst over the past several weeks.
She also notes waking up in the middle of the night to urinate. She recently underwent
transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary adenoma. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Central diabetes insipidus
B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
C. Primary polydipsia
D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
A. Central diabetes insipidus
Central diabetes insipidus is the most common type of diabetes insipidus, is associated with
deficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary.
What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder carcinoma?
A. Nocturia
1|Page
,B. Painless hematuria
C. Unintentional weight loss
D. Urinary frequency
B. Painless hematuria
The primary modality to diagnose bladder cancer is with cystoscopy, which allows for direct
visualization of tissues and biopsy of any abnormalities.
Smoking is the most important risk factor of bladder cancer.
A 25-year-old man presents to the clinic with fever and a sore throat. A throat swab is
performed and the culture comes back positive for group A streptococcus bacteria. What
system of his body is at highest risk for permanent damage if proper treatment for his infection
is not administered?
A. Cardiovascular
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Musculoskeletal
D. Pulmonary
A. Cardiovascular
Risk of rheumatic fever and pericarditis.
Remember the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever:
Major: Joints, carditis, nodes, erythema marginatum, sydenham chorea.
Minor: fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR, elevated CRP, and prolonged PR interval.
Need 2 major, or 1 major and 2 minor, or 3 minor
2|Page
,A 60-year-old man with intermittent claudication returns to the clinic for interpretation of the
results of his ankle-brachial index. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A. A falsely high index may indicate severely hardened, non-compressible leg vessels
B. A low ankle-brachial index indicates peripheral venous insufficiency
C. An ankle-brachial index of 1.2 indicates severe disease
D. It is the ratio of ankle to arm diastolic blood pressure
A. A falsely high index may indicate severely hardened, non-compressible leg vessels.
The ankle-brachial index is calculated by measuring the systolic blood pressure in the arm and at
the ankle. A ratio of ankle systolic blood pressure to brachial systolic blood pressure under 0.90
is indicative of peripheral arterial disease. A falsely high ankle-brachial index can occur when a
patient has severely hardened peripheral arteries which are non-compressible.
A 22-year-old man presents to the office for his one week follow up after his third concussion in
four years. The patient plays rugby on his college intramural team. His most recent concussion
was complicated by a period of loss of consciousness at the time of injury. He admits to having
headaches and intermittent dizziness for the past couple of days. His headache appears to be
tension-type in nature. He is eager to return to rugby and is requesting clearance to play. Which
of the following is the most appropriate education to give your patient?
A. Can return as headaches after a concussion are expected
B. Can return as subsequent concussions increase resilience to future ones
C. Cannot return as patient is currently symptomatic
D. Cannot return as patient meets criteria for chronic traumatic encephalopathy
C. Cannot return as patient is currently symptomatic
3|Page
, A 64-year-old man presents to the clinic reporting a progressive tremor affecting his hands. He
states the symptom onset was approximately seven years ago. He states his tremor is now
affecting his writing but appears to improve in the evenings after a glass of wine. He has no
significant medical history. He does report that his mother had a similar problem but never
sought medical attention. On exam, he has no tremor at rest but develops an increasing
amplitude tremor in both upper extremities when reaching for items. No bradykinesia or rigidity
is present. The rest of his examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Essential tremor
B. Huntington disease
C. Parkinson disease
D. Wilson disease
A. Essential tremor
Diagnosis is made clinically on the basis of family history, as an autosomal dominant
transmission occurs in many cases, and clinical presentation.
Initial treatment may be episodic, with primidone or propranolol, however, long-term treatment
is usually with propranolol or topiramate
Complaining of hand tremor that is exacerbated by action and improved after alcohol
consumption
Which of the following best describes the etiology of the jaundice seen in patients with thyroid
storm?
A. Direct constricting effects of thyroid hormone on the biliary duct
B. Hepatic tissue hypoxia due to increased peripheral consumption of oxygen
C. Hypotension leading to decreased gut motility
D. Impaired reabsorption of thyroid hormone in the enterohepatic circulation
4|Page
2025/2026|MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
Comprehensive Assessment of Adult Disease Diagnosis, Clinical Reasoning, and
Evidence-Based Management
A 24-year-old woman presents with complaints of excessive thirst over the past several weeks.
She also notes waking up in the middle of the night to urinate. She recently underwent
transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary adenoma. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Central diabetes insipidus
B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
C. Primary polydipsia
D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
A. Central diabetes insipidus
Central diabetes insipidus is the most common type of diabetes insipidus, is associated with
deficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary.
What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder carcinoma?
A. Nocturia
1|Page
,B. Painless hematuria
C. Unintentional weight loss
D. Urinary frequency
B. Painless hematuria
The primary modality to diagnose bladder cancer is with cystoscopy, which allows for direct
visualization of tissues and biopsy of any abnormalities.
Smoking is the most important risk factor of bladder cancer.
A 25-year-old man presents to the clinic with fever and a sore throat. A throat swab is
performed and the culture comes back positive for group A streptococcus bacteria. What
system of his body is at highest risk for permanent damage if proper treatment for his infection
is not administered?
A. Cardiovascular
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Musculoskeletal
D. Pulmonary
A. Cardiovascular
Risk of rheumatic fever and pericarditis.
Remember the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever:
Major: Joints, carditis, nodes, erythema marginatum, sydenham chorea.
Minor: fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR, elevated CRP, and prolonged PR interval.
Need 2 major, or 1 major and 2 minor, or 3 minor
2|Page
,A 60-year-old man with intermittent claudication returns to the clinic for interpretation of the
results of his ankle-brachial index. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A. A falsely high index may indicate severely hardened, non-compressible leg vessels
B. A low ankle-brachial index indicates peripheral venous insufficiency
C. An ankle-brachial index of 1.2 indicates severe disease
D. It is the ratio of ankle to arm diastolic blood pressure
A. A falsely high index may indicate severely hardened, non-compressible leg vessels.
The ankle-brachial index is calculated by measuring the systolic blood pressure in the arm and at
the ankle. A ratio of ankle systolic blood pressure to brachial systolic blood pressure under 0.90
is indicative of peripheral arterial disease. A falsely high ankle-brachial index can occur when a
patient has severely hardened peripheral arteries which are non-compressible.
A 22-year-old man presents to the office for his one week follow up after his third concussion in
four years. The patient plays rugby on his college intramural team. His most recent concussion
was complicated by a period of loss of consciousness at the time of injury. He admits to having
headaches and intermittent dizziness for the past couple of days. His headache appears to be
tension-type in nature. He is eager to return to rugby and is requesting clearance to play. Which
of the following is the most appropriate education to give your patient?
A. Can return as headaches after a concussion are expected
B. Can return as subsequent concussions increase resilience to future ones
C. Cannot return as patient is currently symptomatic
D. Cannot return as patient meets criteria for chronic traumatic encephalopathy
C. Cannot return as patient is currently symptomatic
3|Page
, A 64-year-old man presents to the clinic reporting a progressive tremor affecting his hands. He
states the symptom onset was approximately seven years ago. He states his tremor is now
affecting his writing but appears to improve in the evenings after a glass of wine. He has no
significant medical history. He does report that his mother had a similar problem but never
sought medical attention. On exam, he has no tremor at rest but develops an increasing
amplitude tremor in both upper extremities when reaching for items. No bradykinesia or rigidity
is present. The rest of his examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Essential tremor
B. Huntington disease
C. Parkinson disease
D. Wilson disease
A. Essential tremor
Diagnosis is made clinically on the basis of family history, as an autosomal dominant
transmission occurs in many cases, and clinical presentation.
Initial treatment may be episodic, with primidone or propranolol, however, long-term treatment
is usually with propranolol or topiramate
Complaining of hand tremor that is exacerbated by action and improved after alcohol
consumption
Which of the following best describes the etiology of the jaundice seen in patients with thyroid
storm?
A. Direct constricting effects of thyroid hormone on the biliary duct
B. Hepatic tissue hypoxia due to increased peripheral consumption of oxygen
C. Hypotension leading to decreased gut motility
D. Impaired reabsorption of thyroid hormone in the enterohepatic circulation
4|Page
