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,2 Chapter One /SOLUTIONS ma ma
CHAPTER ONE ma
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1. (a) The story in (a) matches Graph (IV), in which the person forgot her books and had to return home.
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(b) The story in (b) matches Graph (II), the flat tire story. Note the long period of time during which the dista
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nce from home did not change (the horizontal part).
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(c) The story in (c) matches Graph (III), in which the person started calmly but sped up later.
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The first graph (I) does not match any of the given stories. In this picture, the person keeps going away fro
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m home, but his speed decreases as time passes. So a story for this might be: I started walking to school at a goo
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d pace, but since I stayed up all night studying calculus, I got more and more tired the farther I walked.
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2. The height is going down as time goes on. A possible graph is shown in Figure 1.1. The graph is decreasing.
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height
time
Figure 1.1 ma
3. The amount of carbon dioxide is going up as time goes on. A possible graph is shown in Figure 1.2. The graph is increasing.
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CO2
time
Figure 1.2 ma
, 1.1 SOLUTIONS
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4. The number of air conditioning units sold is going up as temperature goes up. A possible graph is shown in Fi
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gure 1.3. The graph is increasing.
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AC units
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temperature
Figure 1.3 ma
5. The noise level is going down as distance goes up. A possible graph is shown in Figure 1.4. The graph is decreasing.
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noise level ma
distance
Figure 1.4 ma
6. If we let t represent the number of years since 1900, then the population increased between t = 0 and t =
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40, stayed approximately constant between t = 40 and t = 50, and decreased for t ≥ 50. Figure 1.5 shows one p
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ossible graph. Many other answers are also possible.
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population
years
20 m a m a 40 m a m a 60 m a m a 80 m a 100 120 since 1900
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Figure 1.5 ma
, 4 Chapter One /SOLUTIONS ma ma
7. Amount of grass G = f (r) increases as the amount of rainfall r increases, so f (r) is an increasing function.
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8. We are given information about how atmospheric pressure P = f (ℎ) behaves when the altitude ℎ decreases: as a
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ltitude ℎ decreases the atmospheric pressure P increases. This means that as altitude ℎ increases the atmospheri
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c pressure P decreases. Therefore, P = f (ℎ) is a decreasing function.
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9. We are given information about how battery capacity C = f (T ) behaves when air temperature T decreases: as T d
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ecreases, battery capacity C also decreases. This means that increasing temperature T increases battery capaci
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ty C. Therefore, C = f (T ) is an increasing function.
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10. Time T = f (m) increases as m increases, so f (m) is increasing.
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11. The attendance A = f (P ) decreases as the price P increases, so f (P ) is a decreasing function.
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12. The cost of manufacturing C = f (v) increases as the number of vehicles manufactured v increases, so f (v) is an in
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creasing function. ma
13. We are given information about how commuting time, T = f (c) behaves as the number of cars on the road c d
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ecreases: as c decreases, commuting time T also decreases. This means that increasing the number of cars on th
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e road c increases commuting time T . Therefore, T = f (c) is an increasing function.
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14. The statement f (4) = 20 tells us that W = 20 when t = 4. In other words, in 2019, Argentina produced 20 mill
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ion metric tons of wheat.
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15. (a) If we consider the equation
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C = 4T − 160
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simply as a mathematical relationship between two variables C and T , any T value is possible. However, if
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we think of it as a relationship between cricket chirps and temperature, then C cannot be less than 0. Si
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nce C = 0 leads to 0 = 4T − 160, and so T = 40 F, we see that T cannot be less than 40 F. In addit
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ion, we are told that the function is not defined for temperatures above 134 . Thus, for the function C =
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f (T ) we have
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Domain = All T values between 40 F and 134 F
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= All T values with 40 ≤ T ≤ 134
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= [40, 134].
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(b) Again, if we consider C = 4T − 160 simply as a mathematical relationship, its range is all real C values. H
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owever, when thinking of the meaning of C = f (T ) for crickets, we see that the function predicts cricket
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chirps per minute between 0 (at T = 40 F) and 376 (at T = 134 F). Hence,
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Range = All C values from 0 to 376
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= All C values with 0 ≤ C ≤ 376
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= [0, 376].
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16. (a) The statement f (19) = 415 means that C = 415 when t = 19. In other words, in the year 2019, the conce
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ntration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 415 ppm.
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(b) The expression f (22) represents the concentration of carbon dioxide in the year 2022.
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17. (a) At p = 0, we see r = 8. At p = 3, we see r = 7.
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(b) When p = 2, we see r = 10. Thus, f (2) = 10.
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18. Substituting x = 5 into f (x) = 2x + 3 gives ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
f (5) = 2(5) + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13.
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19. Substituting x = 5 into f (x) = 10x − x2 givesma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
f (5) = 10(5) − (5)2 = 50 − 25 = 25.
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20. We want the y-coordinate of the graph at the point where its x-coordinate is 5. Looking at the graph, we see that the
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y-coordinate of this point is 3. Thus ma ma ma ma ma ma
f (5) = 3. m
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