ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM 3 ACTUAL TEST
SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ manifestations of gastritis. Answer: indigestion, heartburn,
epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
fever, malaise.
hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding.
chronic gastritis increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer,
anemia, and hemorrhage.
◉ gastritis diagnosis/treatment. Answer: h&p, GI tract x ray, egd,
serum h. pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h.
pylori and occult blood
treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves
meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents
other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids)
◉ Peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Answer: refers to erosive lesions
affecting the muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers
vary in size and severity, ranging from superficial erosions to
complete penetration through GI tract wall
,◉ peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho. Answer: ETIOLOGY: most
commonly H. pylori and NSAID use.
PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive
forces and protective mechanisms
◉ PUD duodenal ulcers. Answer: most commonly associated with
excessive acid or H. pylori infections
typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of
food
◉ PUD gastric ulcers. Answer: less frequent-more deadly
typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
pain worsens with eating
◉ PUD Stress ulcers. Answer: develop because of major
physiological stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue
acidosis, bile salts entering stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within
hours of the precipitating event
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in
stool)
,◉ PUD manifestations/treatment. Answer: epigastric, abd. pain, abd.
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, nausea/voimiting,
melena (dark, tarry stools), fatigue, unexplained weight loss
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-
reducing agents
possible surgical repair
◉ Iron-deficiency Anemia. Answer: Not enough iron for hemoglobin
production
erythrocytes pale and small
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased
bleeding
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails,
headache/irritability, pica, cyanosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
◉ Anemia. Answer: common acquired or inherited disorder of
erythrocytes that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in
hemoglobin content, presence of abnormal hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea,
tachycardia
◉ Pernicious anemia. Answer: B12 deficiency or megaloblastic
anemia
, large, immature erythrocytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption
in stomach)
b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the
breakdown in myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is
diagnosed.
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell,
DTR loss, anorexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign,
stomatitis, paresthesia of hands and feet, unsteady gait
◉ aplastic anemia. Answer: bone marrow fails to make enough
blood cells leading to pancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent
infections
can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
◉ Sickle cell anemia. Answer: genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene
crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog
vessels.
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd.
pain, bone pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure
RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM 3 ACTUAL TEST
SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ manifestations of gastritis. Answer: indigestion, heartburn,
epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
fever, malaise.
hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding.
chronic gastritis increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer,
anemia, and hemorrhage.
◉ gastritis diagnosis/treatment. Answer: h&p, GI tract x ray, egd,
serum h. pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h.
pylori and occult blood
treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves
meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents
other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids)
◉ Peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Answer: refers to erosive lesions
affecting the muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers
vary in size and severity, ranging from superficial erosions to
complete penetration through GI tract wall
,◉ peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho. Answer: ETIOLOGY: most
commonly H. pylori and NSAID use.
PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive
forces and protective mechanisms
◉ PUD duodenal ulcers. Answer: most commonly associated with
excessive acid or H. pylori infections
typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of
food
◉ PUD gastric ulcers. Answer: less frequent-more deadly
typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
pain worsens with eating
◉ PUD Stress ulcers. Answer: develop because of major
physiological stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue
acidosis, bile salts entering stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within
hours of the precipitating event
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in
stool)
,◉ PUD manifestations/treatment. Answer: epigastric, abd. pain, abd.
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, nausea/voimiting,
melena (dark, tarry stools), fatigue, unexplained weight loss
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-
reducing agents
possible surgical repair
◉ Iron-deficiency Anemia. Answer: Not enough iron for hemoglobin
production
erythrocytes pale and small
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased
bleeding
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails,
headache/irritability, pica, cyanosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
◉ Anemia. Answer: common acquired or inherited disorder of
erythrocytes that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in
hemoglobin content, presence of abnormal hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea,
tachycardia
◉ Pernicious anemia. Answer: B12 deficiency or megaloblastic
anemia
, large, immature erythrocytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption
in stomach)
b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the
breakdown in myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is
diagnosed.
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell,
DTR loss, anorexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign,
stomatitis, paresthesia of hands and feet, unsteady gait
◉ aplastic anemia. Answer: bone marrow fails to make enough
blood cells leading to pancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent
infections
can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
◉ Sickle cell anemia. Answer: genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene
crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog
vessels.
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd.
pain, bone pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure
