ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM 3 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
STUDY QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Na - Sodium Answer: 136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor,
dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes,
edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry
and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst,
irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
◉ K - Potassium Answer: o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg
cramps, weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal
distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
,Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis,
bradycardia, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, cardiac
arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and
diarrhea
◉ Mg - Magnesium Answer: .8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same
as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
◉ Ca - Calcium Answer: 4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache,
lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain,
pancreatitis, renal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased
bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability,
fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes,
tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased
bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and
Chvostek's signs
◉ P - Phosphorus Answer: .5 - 4.5 mg |
,Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression,
irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms,
increased bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive
Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache,
lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
◉ Function of ribosomes Answer: Synthesizes proteins
◉ · Hypervolemia Answer: Fluid volume excess in intravascular
space
◉ · Hypovolemia Answer: Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
◉ · Homeostasis Answer: State of balance - reached by positive and
negative feedback - self regulated
◉ · How does a vaccine provide immunity? Answer: Active immunity
- antigen exposure
, ◉ · Active immunity Answer: Vaccine, or having the virus - Body
builds immunity through exposure
◉ · Passive immunity Answer: Receiving antibodies from external
source - breastfeeding
◉ · identify examples of malignant cells Answer: Rapid growing,
metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
◉ · Assessment findings for localized inflammation Answer:
Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
◉ o Type I: IgE mediated Answer: Hay fever, food allergy,
anaphylaxis
◉ o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction Answer:
Blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis
◉ o Type III: immune complex-mediated Answer: Autoimmune
conditions - Lupus
◉ o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction Answer: Tuberculin
skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM 3 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
STUDY QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Na - Sodium Answer: 136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor,
dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes,
edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry
and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst,
irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
◉ K - Potassium Answer: o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg
cramps, weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal
distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
,Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis,
bradycardia, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, cardiac
arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and
diarrhea
◉ Mg - Magnesium Answer: .8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same
as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
◉ Ca - Calcium Answer: 4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache,
lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain,
pancreatitis, renal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased
bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability,
fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes,
tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased
bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and
Chvostek's signs
◉ P - Phosphorus Answer: .5 - 4.5 mg |
,Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression,
irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms,
increased bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive
Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache,
lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
◉ Function of ribosomes Answer: Synthesizes proteins
◉ · Hypervolemia Answer: Fluid volume excess in intravascular
space
◉ · Hypovolemia Answer: Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
◉ · Homeostasis Answer: State of balance - reached by positive and
negative feedback - self regulated
◉ · How does a vaccine provide immunity? Answer: Active immunity
- antigen exposure
, ◉ · Active immunity Answer: Vaccine, or having the virus - Body
builds immunity through exposure
◉ · Passive immunity Answer: Receiving antibodies from external
source - breastfeeding
◉ · identify examples of malignant cells Answer: Rapid growing,
metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
◉ · Assessment findings for localized inflammation Answer:
Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
◉ o Type I: IgE mediated Answer: Hay fever, food allergy,
anaphylaxis
◉ o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction Answer:
Blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis
◉ o Type III: immune complex-mediated Answer: Autoimmune
conditions - Lupus
◉ o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction Answer: Tuberculin
skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
