ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM 3 FINAL TEST PAPER
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED A+
◉ thyroid storm. Answer: a relatively rare, life-threatening condition
caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. fever, decreased mental
alertness, abdominal pain
◉ hypothyroidism etiology. Answer: iatrogenic, hashimotos
◉ hypothyroidism manifestations and treatment. Answer: fatigue,
sluggishness, pale dry skin, hoarseness, hypercholesterolemia,
myalgia, weakness, brittle fingernails, bradycardia, hypotension,
constipation, depression, goiter
increased TSH, low t3 and t4
hormones to treat-levothyroxine
◉ stress hormones. Answer: Epinephrine and norepinephrine,
secreted as part of the reaction of the nervous system to stress.
◉ hormones that increase glucose. Answer: glucagon, epinephrine,
growth hormones, cortisol
,◉ stress response. Answer: bodys effort to restore balance,
damaging when repeatedly activated.
fight or flight, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol
◉ tumor staging. Answer: T-tumor
N-nodes involved
M-metastasis
staging-location and patterns of spread, size, extent, lymph node and
organ involvement, distant metastsis
◉ Malignant tumors. Answer: can kill host
confirmed by invasive or metastasizing nature
tissue specific differentiation (does not closely resemble tissue of
origin)
grows rapidly, established blood supply (angiogenesis)
may initiate tumor vessel growth
frequently necrotic
dysfunctional-invade and overrun neighbors, gain ability to migrate
◉ Benign tumors. Answer: can be life threatening because of area or
size
does not invade adjacent tissue or spread
,many are encapsulated
more closely resemble original tissue type
slower growing
little vascularity
rarely necrotic
often retains original function
◉ tumor grading (staging-tnm). Answer: grading
histological characterization of tumor cells
degree of anaplasia
3 or 4 classes of increasing degrees of malignancy
greater degree of anaplasia=greated degree of malignant potential
◉ inflammatory response-innate defese. Answer: triggered by
damate/trauma to body tissue
erythema, edema, heat, pain
leukocytes line vessels walls and migrate to interstitial space
phagocytosis begins
fibrinogen > fibrin which walls area of injury and contains foreigh
substances
new cells formed as healing process begins
, ◉ innate defenses. Answer: physical and chemical barriers
skin/mucous membrane
bacteriostatic layer on skin
hydrochloric acid in stomach
ters and saliva lysozyme (disolves bacteral cell walls)
inlammation
pyrogens-released by macrophages, travel to hypothal. cause fever
interferons-interefere with spread of viral spread-cells last dying
protection
complement proteins-membrane attack complex, embeds in
bacteria and allows water inflow and lysis. also stimulate
vasodilation, increase cas. permeability, promote phagocytosis
◉ adaptive (acquired defenses). Answer: immune system, cellular
and humoral
◉ Cellular immunity. Answer: T cells produced in bone marrow,
mature in thymus.
regular cells :
helper t cells activate b cells to produce antibodies
supressor t cells turn it off
Effector cells (killer cells/cytotoxic cells):
destroy infected cells by degrading cell walls
RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM 3 FINAL TEST PAPER
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED A+
◉ thyroid storm. Answer: a relatively rare, life-threatening condition
caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. fever, decreased mental
alertness, abdominal pain
◉ hypothyroidism etiology. Answer: iatrogenic, hashimotos
◉ hypothyroidism manifestations and treatment. Answer: fatigue,
sluggishness, pale dry skin, hoarseness, hypercholesterolemia,
myalgia, weakness, brittle fingernails, bradycardia, hypotension,
constipation, depression, goiter
increased TSH, low t3 and t4
hormones to treat-levothyroxine
◉ stress hormones. Answer: Epinephrine and norepinephrine,
secreted as part of the reaction of the nervous system to stress.
◉ hormones that increase glucose. Answer: glucagon, epinephrine,
growth hormones, cortisol
,◉ stress response. Answer: bodys effort to restore balance,
damaging when repeatedly activated.
fight or flight, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol
◉ tumor staging. Answer: T-tumor
N-nodes involved
M-metastasis
staging-location and patterns of spread, size, extent, lymph node and
organ involvement, distant metastsis
◉ Malignant tumors. Answer: can kill host
confirmed by invasive or metastasizing nature
tissue specific differentiation (does not closely resemble tissue of
origin)
grows rapidly, established blood supply (angiogenesis)
may initiate tumor vessel growth
frequently necrotic
dysfunctional-invade and overrun neighbors, gain ability to migrate
◉ Benign tumors. Answer: can be life threatening because of area or
size
does not invade adjacent tissue or spread
,many are encapsulated
more closely resemble original tissue type
slower growing
little vascularity
rarely necrotic
often retains original function
◉ tumor grading (staging-tnm). Answer: grading
histological characterization of tumor cells
degree of anaplasia
3 or 4 classes of increasing degrees of malignancy
greater degree of anaplasia=greated degree of malignant potential
◉ inflammatory response-innate defese. Answer: triggered by
damate/trauma to body tissue
erythema, edema, heat, pain
leukocytes line vessels walls and migrate to interstitial space
phagocytosis begins
fibrinogen > fibrin which walls area of injury and contains foreigh
substances
new cells formed as healing process begins
, ◉ innate defenses. Answer: physical and chemical barriers
skin/mucous membrane
bacteriostatic layer on skin
hydrochloric acid in stomach
ters and saliva lysozyme (disolves bacteral cell walls)
inlammation
pyrogens-released by macrophages, travel to hypothal. cause fever
interferons-interefere with spread of viral spread-cells last dying
protection
complement proteins-membrane attack complex, embeds in
bacteria and allows water inflow and lysis. also stimulate
vasodilation, increase cas. permeability, promote phagocytosis
◉ adaptive (acquired defenses). Answer: immune system, cellular
and humoral
◉ Cellular immunity. Answer: T cells produced in bone marrow,
mature in thymus.
regular cells :
helper t cells activate b cells to produce antibodies
supressor t cells turn it off
Effector cells (killer cells/cytotoxic cells):
destroy infected cells by degrading cell walls
