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Parasitology Final Exam
Body of adult nematodes
Tapered and cylindrical
Location of adult nematodes in body
-Esophagus
-Longitudinal muscles
How are nematodes diagnosed?
-Adult
-Larvae
-Eggs
Nematode life cycle characteristics
-Complex
-Vary by species
-Most require intermediate host to develop
Infective form of nematode
Larvae
Symptoms of nematode infection
-Diseases of intestine and skin
-Diarrhea
-Vomiting
-Skin ulcers
Types of intestinal nematodes
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
2. Enterobius vermicularis
3. Stronglyoides stercoralis
4. Ancylostoma dudenale
5. Necator americanus
6. Trichuris trichuria
Types of intestinal-tissue nematodes
1. Trichinella spiralis
2. Dracunculus medinesis
Ascaris lumbricoides disease
Ascariasis
What is the most common helminth infection?
Ascariasis
,Ascariasis clinical features
-Usually no acute symptoms
-Symptoms appear with high worm bundles (abdominal pain and intestinal
obstruction)
-Adult worms can migrate into biliary tract, lungs, or oral expulsion
Ascariasis treatment
1. Albendazole
2. Mebendazole
3. Pyrantel pamoate
4. Corticosteroids for pulmonary infections
What is the largest nematode?
Ascaris lumbricoides
Size of adult female ascaris lumbricoides
20-35 cm
Size of adult male Ascaris lumbricoides
15-30 cm
Color of ascaris lumbricoides
White-pink
Ascaris lumbricoides geographic distribution
-Worldwide distribution
-In United States, most common in rural Southeast and Blue Ridge Mountains
Ascaris lumbricoides eggs
Fertilized:
-Round
-Thick, coarse shell
Unfertilized:
-Oval
-Thin, smoother shell
Enterobius vermicularis disease
Pinworm (Enterobiasis)
Pinworm clinical features
Itching and inflammation of anus (from deposition of eggs)
Pinworm treatment
-Self-limiting (can resolve on own without treatment)
-Treat entire family
1. Mebendazole
2. Pyrantel pamoate
Enterobius vermicularis geographic distribution
Common in United States (school-aged children)
Enterobius vermicularis life cycle
1. Infective eggs are ingested (human feces) and migrate to small intestine
2. Eggs hatch and release larvae
3. Larvae develop into adult worms in colon
4. Gravid females migrate to perianal region to lay eggs in perianal folds
5. Eggs become infective after 6 hr incubation period
6. Eggs spread from perianal area by scratching
, -Remain infective for several weeks
-Eggs are very sticky (attach to almost any surface)
How long is the incubation period for Enterobius vermicularis eggs after being
deposited in the perianal folds?
6 hr
Enterobius vermicularis diagnosis
-Scotch tape prep (eggs)
-Pinworm paddle (eggs)
-Collect sample in early morning before getting out of bed (gravid worms lay eggs in
perianal folds at night)
Enterobius vermicularis eggs
-Oval with one flat side
-Thick, double-walled shell
Strongyloides stercoralis disease
Threadworm
Threadworm clinical features
-Usually asymptomatic
-Diarrhea
-Abdominal pain
-Pulmonary and skin infections
Threadworm in immunocompromised patients
Disseminated disease
Clinical features of threadworm in immunocompromised patients
-Disseminated disease
-Abdominal pain and distention
-Shock
-Pulmonary and neurologic complications
-Septicemia
-May be fatal
Threadworm treatment
-Patients at risk of disseminated disease should be treated
1. Invermectin
2. Thiabendazole
Strongyloides stercoralis geographic distribution
-Tropical and subtropical areas
-Southern United States
-Rural areas, institutional settings, and lower socioeconomic groups
Strongyloides stercoralis transmission
Skin penetration with contaminated soil with rhabditiform or filariform larvae
Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle
-Complex
-Alternate between free-living and parasitic cycles
-Potential for autoinfection and multiplication within host
Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larvae
-Notched tail
-Short buccal cavity