GTC MICROBIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
● Virus. Answer: Non-living infectious agent consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein
coat
● Virion. Answer: Complete extracellular virus particle capable of infecting a host cell
● Capsid. Answer: Protein shell surrounding and protecting viral nucleic acid
● Envelope. Answer: Lipid bilayer surrounding some viruses derived from the host cell
membrane
● DNA Virus. Answer: Virus using DNA as its genetic material
● RNA Virus. Answer: Virus using RNA as its genetic material with typically higher mutation
rates
● Retrovirus. Answer: RNA virus using reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA for
integration
● Reverse Transcriptase. Answer: Enzyme used by retroviruses to synthesize DNA from
RNA template
● Lytic Cycle. Answer: Viral replication cycle ending in host cell destruction and release of
new virions
● Lysogenic Cycle. Answer: Viral replication where viral DNA integrates into host genome
remaining dormant
● Bacteriophage. Answer: Virus that specifically infects bacteria
● Prophage. Answer: Bacteriophage DNA integrated into the bacterial chromosome during
lysogeny
● Viral Attachment. Answer: First step of viral replication where the virus binds to specific
host cell receptors
● Host Range. Answer: Types of cells or organisms a virus can infect determined by receptor
specificity
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
● Virus. Answer: Non-living infectious agent consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein
coat
● Virion. Answer: Complete extracellular virus particle capable of infecting a host cell
● Capsid. Answer: Protein shell surrounding and protecting viral nucleic acid
● Envelope. Answer: Lipid bilayer surrounding some viruses derived from the host cell
membrane
● DNA Virus. Answer: Virus using DNA as its genetic material
● RNA Virus. Answer: Virus using RNA as its genetic material with typically higher mutation
rates
● Retrovirus. Answer: RNA virus using reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA for
integration
● Reverse Transcriptase. Answer: Enzyme used by retroviruses to synthesize DNA from
RNA template
● Lytic Cycle. Answer: Viral replication cycle ending in host cell destruction and release of
new virions
● Lysogenic Cycle. Answer: Viral replication where viral DNA integrates into host genome
remaining dormant
● Bacteriophage. Answer: Virus that specifically infects bacteria
● Prophage. Answer: Bacteriophage DNA integrated into the bacterial chromosome during
lysogeny
● Viral Attachment. Answer: First step of viral replication where the virus binds to specific
host cell receptors
● Host Range. Answer: Types of cells or organisms a virus can infect determined by receptor
specificity
