BIO 235 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
◉Fibrous skeleton of the heart. Answer: fibrous rings support the
four valves of the heart and are fused to one another
◉AV valves. Answer: between an atrium and a ventricle
◉Bicuspid valve. Answer: left atrium and left ventricle
◉Tricuspid valve. Answer: right atrium and right ventricle
◉Heart valves. Answer: prevent the backflow of blood
◉The left side of the heart. Answer: pumps oxygenated blood into
the systemic circulation to all tissue of the body except the air sacs of
the lungs
◉The right side of the heart. Answer: pumps deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary circulation to the air sacs
,◉The left and right coronary arteries deliver. Answer: blood to the
heart
◉Coronary veins. Answer: drain blood from the heart into the
coronary sinus
◉Cardiac muscle fibers connect to neighboring fibers by. Answer:
intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
◉Autorhythmic fibers. Answer: pacemaker, form the cardiac
conduction system
◉Cardiac conduction systems propagate. Answer: sinoatrial node,
atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), right
and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
◉Authorhythmic fibers pace. Answer: 100 times a minute, natural
pacemaker
◉Conduction system. Answer: ensures that the chambers of the
heart contract in a coordinated manner
,◉Long refractory period. Answer: prevents tetanus in cardiac
muscle fibers
◉ECG. Answer: recording of the electrical activity that initiates each
heartbeat
◉Depolarization. Answer: causes contraction
◉Repolarization. Answer: causes relaxation of cardiac muscle fibers
◉PQRS. Answer: Atrial depolarization (P wave) - Atrial systole -
depolarization of ventricle (QRS complex) - ventricular systole -
repolarization of ventricular fibers (T wave) - ventricular diastole
◉Cardiac cycle. Answer: all of the events associated with one
heartbeat
◉Auscultation. Answer: listening to sounds within the body, usually
done with a stethoscope
◉Stroke volume is regulated by three factors. Answer: preload
(degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts), contractility (the
forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers),
, and afterload (pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of
blood from ventricles can occur)
◉The cardiovascular center location. Answer: medulla oblongata
◉CV center controls. Answer: both sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves that innervate the heart
◉Cardiac output. Answer: equals SV x HR
◉Stroke volume. Answer: the volume of blood ejected by the
ventricle during each contraction
◉Basic structure of a blood vessel. Answer: tunica interna, tunica
media, tunica externa
◉Tunica interna. Answer: innermost layer endothelium, facilitate
efficient blood flow by reducing surface friction
◉Tunica media. Answer: muscular and connective tissue layer that
displays the greatest variation among the different vessel types
◉Tunica media vasoconstriction. Answer: sympathetic stimulation
causing contraction
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
◉Fibrous skeleton of the heart. Answer: fibrous rings support the
four valves of the heart and are fused to one another
◉AV valves. Answer: between an atrium and a ventricle
◉Bicuspid valve. Answer: left atrium and left ventricle
◉Tricuspid valve. Answer: right atrium and right ventricle
◉Heart valves. Answer: prevent the backflow of blood
◉The left side of the heart. Answer: pumps oxygenated blood into
the systemic circulation to all tissue of the body except the air sacs of
the lungs
◉The right side of the heart. Answer: pumps deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary circulation to the air sacs
,◉The left and right coronary arteries deliver. Answer: blood to the
heart
◉Coronary veins. Answer: drain blood from the heart into the
coronary sinus
◉Cardiac muscle fibers connect to neighboring fibers by. Answer:
intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
◉Autorhythmic fibers. Answer: pacemaker, form the cardiac
conduction system
◉Cardiac conduction systems propagate. Answer: sinoatrial node,
atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), right
and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
◉Authorhythmic fibers pace. Answer: 100 times a minute, natural
pacemaker
◉Conduction system. Answer: ensures that the chambers of the
heart contract in a coordinated manner
,◉Long refractory period. Answer: prevents tetanus in cardiac
muscle fibers
◉ECG. Answer: recording of the electrical activity that initiates each
heartbeat
◉Depolarization. Answer: causes contraction
◉Repolarization. Answer: causes relaxation of cardiac muscle fibers
◉PQRS. Answer: Atrial depolarization (P wave) - Atrial systole -
depolarization of ventricle (QRS complex) - ventricular systole -
repolarization of ventricular fibers (T wave) - ventricular diastole
◉Cardiac cycle. Answer: all of the events associated with one
heartbeat
◉Auscultation. Answer: listening to sounds within the body, usually
done with a stethoscope
◉Stroke volume is regulated by three factors. Answer: preload
(degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts), contractility (the
forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers),
, and afterload (pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of
blood from ventricles can occur)
◉The cardiovascular center location. Answer: medulla oblongata
◉CV center controls. Answer: both sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves that innervate the heart
◉Cardiac output. Answer: equals SV x HR
◉Stroke volume. Answer: the volume of blood ejected by the
ventricle during each contraction
◉Basic structure of a blood vessel. Answer: tunica interna, tunica
media, tunica externa
◉Tunica interna. Answer: innermost layer endothelium, facilitate
efficient blood flow by reducing surface friction
◉Tunica media. Answer: muscular and connective tissue layer that
displays the greatest variation among the different vessel types
◉Tunica media vasoconstriction. Answer: sympathetic stimulation
causing contraction
