NR507 Final Exam / NR 507 Week 8 Exam
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and
Answers (Guaranteed Verified Answers)
• aleolar ventilation perfusion -✓✓The volume of gas expired from
alveoli to the outside of the body permanent
• pityriasis rosea -✓✓A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs
at any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a
virus
• pityriasis rosea observation -✓✓The rash often begins with a single,
round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald
patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9
in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-
colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches
on the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread
to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas
tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
• pityriasis rosea diagnosis -✓✓Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis
rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald
patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken for ringworm or
eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide
(KOH) test to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A
skin sample may be taken from the infected area and examined under the
microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active
person, a test for syphilis is often done.
,• pityriasis rosea treatment -✓✓There is no treatment necessary. It will
last for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may
be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
• Innate immunity -✓✓The natural epithelial barrier that offers
resistance. In outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and
mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most environmental hazards
and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms. If the
barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect
against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
• Adaptive immunity -✓✓Inflammation associated with infection
usually initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, Adaptive immunity
is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets
and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
• Inflammatory response -✓✓Innate immunity includes two lines of
defense: natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural barriers
are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body's surfaces
and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the
surface barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the
inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body from further
injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The
inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular
processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being
initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
,• Overview of human defenses -✓✓CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED)
IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the
cells of adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly
specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast
cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils),
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial
cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific
immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement,
clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection
includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach
and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes vascular responses,
cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages),
secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines,
and antibodies
• Inflammatory response upon injury -✓✓Is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote
healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and
cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar responses
being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
• Types of anemia -✓✓Normochromic, normocytic anemia
, hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
• Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV) -
✓✓Anemias of chronic disease
hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of
RBCs)
anemia of acute hemorrhage
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC
precursors from the marrow)
• Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low MCHC, below MCV) -✓✓Iron
deficiency anemia
thalassemias
anemia of chronic diseases
• Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal MCHC, high MCV) -
✓✓Vitamin B12 deficiency
folate deficiency
• Heartburn -✓✓. Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning
pain or discomfort that can move up from your stomach to the middle of
your abdomen and chest. The pain can also move into your throat.
Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart.
• Dyspnea -✓✓Difficult or labored breathing
• Orthopnea -✓✓Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat;
common in people with many types of heart or lung conditions such as
heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea, COPD, and heart valve
disease
• Complications of gastric resection surgery -✓✓Nausea and vomiting
(usually gets better over time)
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and
Answers (Guaranteed Verified Answers)
• aleolar ventilation perfusion -✓✓The volume of gas expired from
alveoli to the outside of the body permanent
• pityriasis rosea -✓✓A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs
at any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a
virus
• pityriasis rosea observation -✓✓The rash often begins with a single,
round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald
patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9
in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-
colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches
on the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread
to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas
tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
• pityriasis rosea diagnosis -✓✓Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis
rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald
patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken for ringworm or
eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide
(KOH) test to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A
skin sample may be taken from the infected area and examined under the
microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active
person, a test for syphilis is often done.
,• pityriasis rosea treatment -✓✓There is no treatment necessary. It will
last for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may
be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
• Innate immunity -✓✓The natural epithelial barrier that offers
resistance. In outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and
mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most environmental hazards
and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms. If the
barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect
against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
• Adaptive immunity -✓✓Inflammation associated with infection
usually initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, Adaptive immunity
is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets
and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
• Inflammatory response -✓✓Innate immunity includes two lines of
defense: natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural barriers
are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body's surfaces
and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the
surface barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the
inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body from further
injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The
inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular
processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being
initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
,• Overview of human defenses -✓✓CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED)
IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the
cells of adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly
specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast
cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils),
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial
cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific
immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement,
clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection
includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach
and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes vascular responses,
cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages),
secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines,
and antibodies
• Inflammatory response upon injury -✓✓Is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote
healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and
cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar responses
being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
• Types of anemia -✓✓Normochromic, normocytic anemia
, hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
• Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV) -
✓✓Anemias of chronic disease
hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of
RBCs)
anemia of acute hemorrhage
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC
precursors from the marrow)
• Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low MCHC, below MCV) -✓✓Iron
deficiency anemia
thalassemias
anemia of chronic diseases
• Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal MCHC, high MCV) -
✓✓Vitamin B12 deficiency
folate deficiency
• Heartburn -✓✓. Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning
pain or discomfort that can move up from your stomach to the middle of
your abdomen and chest. The pain can also move into your throat.
Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart.
• Dyspnea -✓✓Difficult or labored breathing
• Orthopnea -✓✓Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat;
common in people with many types of heart or lung conditions such as
heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea, COPD, and heart valve
disease
• Complications of gastric resection surgery -✓✓Nausea and vomiting
(usually gets better over time)
