NR507 Final Exam / NR 507 Week 8 Exam
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and
Answers () (Accurate Verified
Answers)
• Spondylolysis -✓✓structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in
the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the
posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
• motor and sensory areas of the brain -✓✓Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory
input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in
the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the
primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
• Ischemic penumbra -✓✓ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
• Cerebral infarction -✓✓ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves
around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
• excitotoxins -✓✓Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and
cause neuron suicide.
• Agnosia -✓✓the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L
angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
, • Subarachnoid hemorrhage -✓✓Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots,
impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
• Meningitis -✓✓Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
• Prostate cancer prevention -✓✓-Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
• BPH and the urinary system -✓✓- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal
insufficiency
• Cause of respiratory Alkalosis -✓✓- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
• buffer molecules -✓✓-Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
• Cushing's disease -✓✓- Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small
cell carcinoma of the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia,
HYPERglycemia, weight gain, thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein
wasting
• Cause of hypoparathyroidism -✓✓-decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and
Answers () (Accurate Verified
Answers)
• Spondylolysis -✓✓structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in
the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the
posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
• motor and sensory areas of the brain -✓✓Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory
input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in
the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the
primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
• Ischemic penumbra -✓✓ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
• Cerebral infarction -✓✓ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves
around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
• excitotoxins -✓✓Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and
cause neuron suicide.
• Agnosia -✓✓the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L
angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
, • Subarachnoid hemorrhage -✓✓Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots,
impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
• Meningitis -✓✓Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
• Prostate cancer prevention -✓✓-Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
• BPH and the urinary system -✓✓- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal
insufficiency
• Cause of respiratory Alkalosis -✓✓- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
• buffer molecules -✓✓-Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
• Cushing's disease -✓✓- Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small
cell carcinoma of the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia,
HYPERglycemia, weight gain, thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein
wasting
• Cause of hypoparathyroidism -✓✓-decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
