ISSA Final Exam (Latest Update) |
Practice Questions and Solutions | 100% Correct
| Guaranteed Pass
cardiac muscle -✓✓Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
smooth muscle -✓✓Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
skeletal muscle -✓✓A voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and
provides the force that moves the bones.
connective tissue -✓✓A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all
of its parts
Sarcoplasm -✓✓cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Glycogen -✓✓the stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles
Myofibrils -✓✓Parallel filaments that form muscle
Myofilaments -✓✓filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin
or actin
Actin -✓✓the thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract
muscles
Myosin -✓✓the thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that
bind to actin
sarcomere -✓✓Contractile unit of muscle
z line -✓✓A dark thin protein band to which actin filaments are attached in a striated
muscle fiber, marking the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres.
Endomysium -✓✓Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
Epimysium -✓✓a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.
Fasciculi -✓✓bundles of muscle fibers
Perimysium -✓✓The connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers
,Tendon -✓✓Connects muscle to bone
Periosteum -✓✓a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones
except at the surfaces of the joints.
neuromuscular junction -✓✓the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it
supplies
Neurotransmitters -✓✓Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
Acetylcholine -✓✓A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also
triggers muscle contraction
sliding filament theory -✓✓theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during
muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still
Type 1 fibers (slow twitch) -✓✓Slower contracting, but contract for longer periods of
time; endurance activities
Type 2A fibers (fast twitch) -✓✓moderately fatigable muscle fibers with moderate
mitochondrial density; used in high intensity exercises requiring strength and power
type 2x fibers (fast twitch) -✓✓fast fatigable muscle fibers with low mitochondrial
density; high intensity exercise requiring strength and power
size principle of fiber recruitment -✓✓Principle stating that motor units are recruited in
order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.
fusiform muscle -✓✓spindle shaped muscle like the biceps
convergent muscle -✓✓broad at origin and tapering to a narrower insertion like the
pectoralis major(chest)
circular muscle -✓✓muscle that forms a ring around a body opening;sphincters
parallel muscle -✓✓Muscle with fibers that are oriented parallel to that muscle's
longitudinal axis.
pennate muscles -✓✓have shorter fibers
arranged obliquely to their tendons in a manner similar to a feather
arrangement increases the cross sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing the
power
,penniform -✓✓Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon similar to a
feather.
unipennate muscle -✓✓all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
bipennate muscle -✓✓muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon; rectus femoris
multipennate muscle -✓✓muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central
tendons; deltoid
muscle actions -✓✓concentric, eccentric, isometric
concentric muscle action -✓✓A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting
force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle, contraction
eccentric muscle action -✓✓An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops
tension while lengthening
isometric muscle action -✓✓muscle length does not change because the contractile
force is equal to the resistive force
stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) -✓✓The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of
a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle.
joint -✓✓A place in the body where two bones come together
axial skeleton -✓✓Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and
vertebral column
appendicular skeleton -✓✓bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower
extremities
flat bones -✓✓These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone,
and skull. Protect internal organs and provide a large surface area for muscles to attach
short bones -✓✓cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle, provide stability and a
limited amount of movement
long bones -✓✓support body wt. and facilitate movement, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus
sesamoid bones -✓✓round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella), reinforce and
protect tendons
irregular bones -✓✓protect vital organs, complex shapes like the vertebrae
, bone marrow -✓✓A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
cancellous bone -✓✓spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a vertebral bones
and ends of long bones
compact bone -✓✓Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a
bone
myositis ossificans -✓✓a condition in which bone forms in and replaces muscle tissue
as a result of trauma
Cartilage -✓✓strong connective tissue that pads and protects joints and structural
components of the body
Wolff's Law -✓✓A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed
upon it
fibrous joints -✓✓consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the
bones tightly together; allows very little movement
synovial joints -✓✓fluid filled joints found between bones that move against one another
Non-synovial joints -✓✓joints that lack a fluid junction
articular capsule -✓✓Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint
synovial fluid -✓✓joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Arthrokinematics -✓✓joint motion
ball and socket joint -✓✓allows wide ROM in many directions, shoulder and hip joint
saddle joint -✓✓type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and
rotation; trapezium
hinge joint -✓✓Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in
only one plane
gliding joint -✓✓allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles
pivot joint -✓✓rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna
and humerus
Practice Questions and Solutions | 100% Correct
| Guaranteed Pass
cardiac muscle -✓✓Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
smooth muscle -✓✓Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
skeletal muscle -✓✓A voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and
provides the force that moves the bones.
connective tissue -✓✓A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all
of its parts
Sarcoplasm -✓✓cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Glycogen -✓✓the stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles
Myofibrils -✓✓Parallel filaments that form muscle
Myofilaments -✓✓filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin
or actin
Actin -✓✓the thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract
muscles
Myosin -✓✓the thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that
bind to actin
sarcomere -✓✓Contractile unit of muscle
z line -✓✓A dark thin protein band to which actin filaments are attached in a striated
muscle fiber, marking the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres.
Endomysium -✓✓Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
Epimysium -✓✓a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.
Fasciculi -✓✓bundles of muscle fibers
Perimysium -✓✓The connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers
,Tendon -✓✓Connects muscle to bone
Periosteum -✓✓a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones
except at the surfaces of the joints.
neuromuscular junction -✓✓the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it
supplies
Neurotransmitters -✓✓Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
Acetylcholine -✓✓A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also
triggers muscle contraction
sliding filament theory -✓✓theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during
muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still
Type 1 fibers (slow twitch) -✓✓Slower contracting, but contract for longer periods of
time; endurance activities
Type 2A fibers (fast twitch) -✓✓moderately fatigable muscle fibers with moderate
mitochondrial density; used in high intensity exercises requiring strength and power
type 2x fibers (fast twitch) -✓✓fast fatigable muscle fibers with low mitochondrial
density; high intensity exercise requiring strength and power
size principle of fiber recruitment -✓✓Principle stating that motor units are recruited in
order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.
fusiform muscle -✓✓spindle shaped muscle like the biceps
convergent muscle -✓✓broad at origin and tapering to a narrower insertion like the
pectoralis major(chest)
circular muscle -✓✓muscle that forms a ring around a body opening;sphincters
parallel muscle -✓✓Muscle with fibers that are oriented parallel to that muscle's
longitudinal axis.
pennate muscles -✓✓have shorter fibers
arranged obliquely to their tendons in a manner similar to a feather
arrangement increases the cross sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing the
power
,penniform -✓✓Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon similar to a
feather.
unipennate muscle -✓✓all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
bipennate muscle -✓✓muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon; rectus femoris
multipennate muscle -✓✓muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central
tendons; deltoid
muscle actions -✓✓concentric, eccentric, isometric
concentric muscle action -✓✓A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting
force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle, contraction
eccentric muscle action -✓✓An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops
tension while lengthening
isometric muscle action -✓✓muscle length does not change because the contractile
force is equal to the resistive force
stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) -✓✓The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of
a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle.
joint -✓✓A place in the body where two bones come together
axial skeleton -✓✓Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and
vertebral column
appendicular skeleton -✓✓bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower
extremities
flat bones -✓✓These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone,
and skull. Protect internal organs and provide a large surface area for muscles to attach
short bones -✓✓cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle, provide stability and a
limited amount of movement
long bones -✓✓support body wt. and facilitate movement, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus
sesamoid bones -✓✓round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella), reinforce and
protect tendons
irregular bones -✓✓protect vital organs, complex shapes like the vertebrae
, bone marrow -✓✓A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
cancellous bone -✓✓spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a vertebral bones
and ends of long bones
compact bone -✓✓Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a
bone
myositis ossificans -✓✓a condition in which bone forms in and replaces muscle tissue
as a result of trauma
Cartilage -✓✓strong connective tissue that pads and protects joints and structural
components of the body
Wolff's Law -✓✓A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed
upon it
fibrous joints -✓✓consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the
bones tightly together; allows very little movement
synovial joints -✓✓fluid filled joints found between bones that move against one another
Non-synovial joints -✓✓joints that lack a fluid junction
articular capsule -✓✓Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint
synovial fluid -✓✓joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Arthrokinematics -✓✓joint motion
ball and socket joint -✓✓allows wide ROM in many directions, shoulder and hip joint
saddle joint -✓✓type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and
rotation; trapezium
hinge joint -✓✓Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in
only one plane
gliding joint -✓✓allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles
pivot joint -✓✓rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna
and humerus
