BIOS251- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE (2026/2027) | ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Integument System: Functions
-Maintains the body's integrity
-Maintains temperature
-Converts inactive vitamin D to its active form
-Provides sensory information
-Maintains homeostasis.
2. First Degree Burn: only epidermis is damaged
3. second degree burn: A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema
and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.
-Blistering
4. third degree burn: a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with
damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue
-Charred looking skin
5. stratum basale: the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to
form new cells
6. stratum spinosum: a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin
7. stratum granulosum: a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metaboli-
cally active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata
8. stratum lucidum: Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum.
-Hands and feet (thick)
9. stratum corneum: outermost layer of epidermis
10. Two types of skin: thick and thin
Thick (hairless) covers palms, soles of feet, surafce of digits
-Thin (Hairy) pretty much all body regions
11. What creates skin color?: melanin blood
circulation
adipose deposits
12. What are the 4 sweat glands?: Eccrine, sebaceous, apocrine, and ceruminous
13. eccrine glands: glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body
14. sebaceous glands: oil glands
15. apocrine glands: Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce
odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin
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, BIOS251- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE (2026/2027) | ALREADY GRADED A+
16. ceraminous glands: modified sweat glands in the ear canal
17. Functions of the skeletal system: support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
18. Ossification: process of bone formation
19. osteoprogenitor cells: develop into osteoblasts (form) --> develop osteocytes ( maintains bone) -->
Osteoclast (breakdown of bone)
20. endochondral ossification: Process of transforming cartilage into bone.
-short bones, long bones, irregular bones
21. intramembranous ossification: process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
-bones of skull and clavicle
22. Three phases of bone remodeling: activation, resorption, formation
23. Types of bone fractures: - Closed (simple) fracture: break that does not penetrate the skin
- Open (compound) fracture: broken bone penetrates through the skin
24. bone fractures: Transverse ( straight across) Linear
(straight up and down-inside bone)
Oblique-non displaced (diagnol, attached) Oblique-
displaced ( diagnol, completely apart) Spiral
Greenstick (common in kids)
comminuted (broken across but also pieces)
25. calcium homeostasis: Bones store 99% of the body's calcium. The parathyroid gland secretes parathy-roid hormone
(PTH) when calcium levels drop.
26. What does the thyroid gland secrete?: calcitonin
-which inhibits bone resorbtion by osteoclasts. Thus, it opposes the action by PTH.
27. Types of bones: long (humerus), short(wrist bones) , flat (skull, sternum) irregular(Vertebra), sesamoid (patella)
28. Bone surface markings: structural features adapted for specific functions
29. Fossa: shallow depression
30. Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone
31. Condyle: Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
32. Tubercle: small rounded projection
33. fissure: an opening; a groove; a split
34. paranasal sinuses: air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities
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DETAILED ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE (2026/2027) | ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Integument System: Functions
-Maintains the body's integrity
-Maintains temperature
-Converts inactive vitamin D to its active form
-Provides sensory information
-Maintains homeostasis.
2. First Degree Burn: only epidermis is damaged
3. second degree burn: A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema
and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.
-Blistering
4. third degree burn: a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with
damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue
-Charred looking skin
5. stratum basale: the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to
form new cells
6. stratum spinosum: a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin
7. stratum granulosum: a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metaboli-
cally active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata
8. stratum lucidum: Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum.
-Hands and feet (thick)
9. stratum corneum: outermost layer of epidermis
10. Two types of skin: thick and thin
Thick (hairless) covers palms, soles of feet, surafce of digits
-Thin (Hairy) pretty much all body regions
11. What creates skin color?: melanin blood
circulation
adipose deposits
12. What are the 4 sweat glands?: Eccrine, sebaceous, apocrine, and ceruminous
13. eccrine glands: glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body
14. sebaceous glands: oil glands
15. apocrine glands: Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce
odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin
1/8
, BIOS251- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE (2026/2027) | ALREADY GRADED A+
16. ceraminous glands: modified sweat glands in the ear canal
17. Functions of the skeletal system: support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
18. Ossification: process of bone formation
19. osteoprogenitor cells: develop into osteoblasts (form) --> develop osteocytes ( maintains bone) -->
Osteoclast (breakdown of bone)
20. endochondral ossification: Process of transforming cartilage into bone.
-short bones, long bones, irregular bones
21. intramembranous ossification: process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
-bones of skull and clavicle
22. Three phases of bone remodeling: activation, resorption, formation
23. Types of bone fractures: - Closed (simple) fracture: break that does not penetrate the skin
- Open (compound) fracture: broken bone penetrates through the skin
24. bone fractures: Transverse ( straight across) Linear
(straight up and down-inside bone)
Oblique-non displaced (diagnol, attached) Oblique-
displaced ( diagnol, completely apart) Spiral
Greenstick (common in kids)
comminuted (broken across but also pieces)
25. calcium homeostasis: Bones store 99% of the body's calcium. The parathyroid gland secretes parathy-roid hormone
(PTH) when calcium levels drop.
26. What does the thyroid gland secrete?: calcitonin
-which inhibits bone resorbtion by osteoclasts. Thus, it opposes the action by PTH.
27. Types of bones: long (humerus), short(wrist bones) , flat (skull, sternum) irregular(Vertebra), sesamoid (patella)
28. Bone surface markings: structural features adapted for specific functions
29. Fossa: shallow depression
30. Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone
31. Condyle: Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
32. Tubercle: small rounded projection
33. fissure: an opening; a groove; a split
34. paranasal sinuses: air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities
2/8
