Kettering Study Guide RPSGT Review Section D Questions and Answers Updated 2026

Kettering Study Guide RPSGT
Review Section D Questions and
Answers Updated 2026
EupneaA-AAnswerANormalArespiratoryArate,Adepth,AandArhythm


DyspneaA-AAnswerAPatientAcomplainsAofAdifficultyAbreathing


OrthopneaA-
AAnswerAPatientAcomplainsAofAdifficultyAbreathingAexceptAinAtheAuprightApositi
on.
Cause:AHeartAproblemAsuchAasACHF


TachypneaA-AAnswerAIncreasedArespiratoryArate
Causes:Afever,Ahypoxia,Apain,ACNSAproblem


BradypneaA(Oligopnea)A-
AAnswerADecreasedArespiratoryArateA(lessAthanA8AperAmin)AvariableAdepthAand
AirregularArhythm.
Causes:AsleepA(normal),Adrugs,Aalcohol,AmetabolicAdisorders


ApneaA-
AAnswerATheAcompleteAcessationAofAairflowA(greaterAthanAorAequalAtoA90%)Al
astingAgreaterAthanAorAequalAtoA10Aseconds.


HypopneaA-AAnswerAShallowAorAslowAbreathing.AUnderbreathing.
Causes:AObesity,AnasalApassageAproblems,AexcessiveAoverbite,AlargeAneckAcircu
mferenceA(menA>A16Ainches,AwomenA>A15Ainches),Asmoking,Aalcohol,Asedative
s,Amenopause.


HyperneaA-
AAnswerAIncreasedArespiratoryArate,AincreasedAdepth,AregularArhythm.

, Causes:AmetabolicAdisorder/CNSAdisorder


Cheyne-StokesA(periodicAbreathing)A-
AAnswerAGraduallyAincreasingAthenAdecreasingArateAandAdepthAinAaAcycleAlasti
ngAfromA30-
180Aseconds,AwithAperiodsAofAapneaAlastingAupAtoA60Aseconds.ACrescendo-
decrescendoAbreaths.
Causes:ACSA,Ameningitis,AdrugAoverdose,AincreaseAintracranialApressure,Adamag
eAtoArespiratoryAcenter,AcongestiveAheartAfailure


Biot'sA(Ataxic)A-
AAnswerAIncreasedArespiratoryArateAandAdepthAwithAirregularAperiodsAofAapne
a.AEachAbreathAhasAtheAsameAdepth.
Causes:ACNSAproblem,Ameningitis


Kussmaul'sA-
AAnswerAIncreasedArespiratoryArateA(usuallyAoverA20Abreaths/min),AincreasedA
depth,AirregularArhythm,AbreathingAsoundsAlabored.
Causes:AmetabolicAacidosis,ArenalAfailure,AdiabeticAketoacidosis


ParadoxicalAbreathingA-
AAnswerAWhenAinhalationAresultsAinAaAdecreasingAorAasymmetricalAchestAmove
ment.
Causes:ATheApatientAisAhavingAdifficultyAbreathingAagainstAaAclosedAairway.AA
nAout-of-
phaseAmovementAonlyAnoticeableAbyAaArecordingAofAtheAabdomenAandAchest.A(
InductiveAplethysmography)


ApneusticA-AAnswerASeriesAofAslow,AdeepAbreaths.AEachAoneAheldAforA30-
90Aseconds.
Cause:AproblemAwithAtheArespiratoryAcenter,AtraumaA(headAinjury)AorAtumor.


obstructiveAsleepAapneaA-
AAnswerAAAcompleteAcessationAofAairflowAatAtheAmouthAandAnoseA(greaterAtha