NR 565 Week 5, 6, 7 & 8 / NR565 Final Exam Study Guide Advanced Pharmacology Questions with Answers (2025 / 2026) (Verified Answers)- Chamberlain

NR565 / NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals k k k k k k




kFinal Exam: Week 5, 6, 7 & 8 k k k k k k k




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1.Glucose Production & Release k k k




kAnswer
All cells in the body need energy to function
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•primarily comes from glucose; a type of sugar found in carbohydrates.
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-between meals, glucose stores in the liver are released into the bloodstream
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•ensures a constant source of energy for the body
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-After a meal, carbohydrates are digested & release glucose into the bloodstream
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2.Insulin Release in Type I Diabetes k k k k k




kAnswer
As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release
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kinsulin
-Insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be
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kstored in the liver for future use
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-type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are damaged or destroyed
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•damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin k k k k k k k




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, 3.Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type I Diabetes k k k k k k k




kAnswer
Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the body
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-Due to diminished insulin production, patients with type 1 diabetes have a low insulin
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kconcentration & high glucose (sugar) concentration in their blood k k k k k k k k




4.Glucose Absorption in Type I Diabetes k k k k k




kAnswer
Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy
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-Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell surface
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•initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell
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-type 1 diabetes, low levels of insulin prevent adequate amounts of glucose from entering
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kthe cell k




•Because glucose remains in the bloodstream & is not used by the cell as energy,
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kpatients with type 1 diabetes may experience fatigue, exhaustion, & dizziness
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5.Insulin Release in Type II Diabetes k k k k k




kAnswer
As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release
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kinsulin
-insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be stored
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kin the liver for future use
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,-In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells become damaged or destroyed over time
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•damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin. k k k k k k k




6.Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type II Diabetes k k k k k k k




kAnswer
Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the body
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-Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy
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-In type 2 diabetes, insulin is not used properly & glucose remains in the bloodstream
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•leads to high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia).
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7.Glucose Absorption in Type II Diabetes k k k k k




kAnswer
Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell surface
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•initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell
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-type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to the effects of insulin & does not properly bind
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kto insulin receptors
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-Due to insulin resistance & resulting hyperglycemia, patients with type 2 diabetes may
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kexperience increased thirst or hunger, fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing wounds
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8.Hypothyroidism
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an underproduction of the hormone thyroxine (T4)
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, -When the thyroid produces too little thyroxine
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•body's metabolism slows down k k k




•wide array of effects on the body
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-Hypothyroidism can cause: k k




•fatigue
•depressed mood k




•slow heart rate k k




•constipation
•weight gain k




•irregular menstrual periods k k




-more common in women >60 & people who have a family hx of the condition
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9.Hyperthyroidism
kAnswer
an overproduction of thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3), &
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k thyroxine (T4) k




-When the thyroid produces too much T3 & T4
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•metabolism increases k




•can cause a wide variety of symptoms:
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£hand tremors k




£rapid heart rate k k




£anxiety or irritability k k




£frequent bowel movements k k




£increased appetite k




£weight loss k




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