NR 507 PATHO MIDTERM EXAM / NR507 PATHO MIDTERM EXAM: LATEST,CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING

NR 507 PATHO MIDTERM EXAM / NR507 PATHO MIDTERM EXAM: LATEST,CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING 1. Question : Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother: Student Answer: Is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive Has type A blood and the fetus has type O Has type AB blood and the fetus has type B Question 2. Question : Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? Student Answer: Retropharyngeal abscess Laryngospasms Rupturing of the tonsils Gagging induced aspiration Question 3. Question : If the sinoatrial (SA) node fails, then at what rate (depolarizations per minute) can the atrioventricular (AV) node depolarize? Student Answer: 60 to 70 40 to 60 30 to 40 10 to 20 Question 4. Question : What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells? Student Answer: 1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell) 1:2 (one capillary per two muscle cells) 1:4 (one capillary per four muscle cells) 1:10 (one capillary per ten muscle cells) The heart has an extensive capillary network, with approximately 3300 capillaries per square millimeter (ca/mm2) or approximately one capillary per one muscle cell (muscle fiber). Question 5. Question : Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? Student Answer: IL–1 and IL-6 IL-2 and TNF-? IFN and IL-12 TNF-ß and IL-4 Question 6. Question : What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload? Student Answer: Glomerular filtration Secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Increased heart rate Compensatory hypertrophy Question 7. Question : Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction? Student Answer: IgA IgE IgG IgM Question 8. Question : Causes of hyperkalemia include: Student Answer: Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition Vomiting and diarrhea Renal failure and Addison disease Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease Question 9. Question : What is the first stage in the infectious process? Student Answer: Invasion Colonization Spread Multiplication Question 10. Question : Which statement is true concerning the IgM? Student Answer: IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen. IgM mediates many common allergic responses. IgM is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins. IgM is capable of crossing the human placenta. Typically, IgM is produced first (primary immune response), followed by IgG against the same antigen. The other options are not true statements regarding IgM. Question 11. Question : An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? Student Answer: Atrial septal defect (ASD) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect Question 12. Question : What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Student Answer: Low birth weight Alcohol consumption during pregnancy Premature birth Smoking during pregnancy Question 13. Question : Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why? Student Answer: The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood. The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart. The left ventricle; the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung, which has a low pressure. The right ventricle; it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation. Instructor Explanation: The two atria have the thinnest walls because they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood that is emptied into the ventricles. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies which heart chambers have the thinnest walls and why that helps cardiac function. Question 14. Question : What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone? Student Answer: Sodium retention Sodium excretion Water retention Water excretion Question 15. Question : What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men? Student Answer: Epididymis Lymph nodes Urethra Prostate Question 16. Question : Which statement concerning benign tumors is true? Student Answer: The resulting pain is severe. Benign tumors are not encapsulated. Benign tumors are fast growing. The cells are well-differentiated. Question 17. Question : Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia? Student Answer: Iron deficiency Pernicious Sideroblastic Hemolytic Question 18. Question : Apoptosis is a(an): Student Answer: Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia Normal cells have a mechanism that causes them to self-destruct when growth is excessive and cell cycle checkpoints have been ignored. Diverse stimuli, including normal development and excessive growth, trigger this self-destruct mechanism, called apoptosis. The remaining options do not describe apoptosis. Question 19. Question : What is the functional unit of the kidney called? Student Answer: Glomerulus Nephron Collecting duct Pyramid The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Although the other options are also located in the kidney, they are not its functional units. Question 20. Question : Which hepatitis virus is known to be sexually transmitted? Student Answer: A B C D Question 21. Question : The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? Student Answer: Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries Diffusion rate in the renal cortex Diffusion rate in the renal medulla Glomerular active transport The filtration of the plasma per unit of time is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is directly related to only the perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries. Question 22. Question : Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic? Student Answer: Difficult deflation Easy inflation Stiffness Inability to diffuse oxygen Question 23. Question : What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia (IDA)? Student Answer: Decreased dietary intake Chronic blood loss Vitamin deficiency Autoimmune disease Question 24. Question : Which drug may be prescribed orally for outbreak management of herpes simplex viral (HSV) infections? Student Answer: Acyclovir (Zovirax) 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir) Bichloroacetic acid (BCA) Question 25. Question : In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: Student Answer: Basal cell Target cell Caretaker gene Proto-oncogene In its normal nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a proto-oncogene. The other options are not terms used to identify a nonmutant oncogene. Question 26. Question : What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Student Answer: Immature immune system Small alveoli Surfactant deficiency Anemia Question 27. Question : Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure? Student Answer: Gut Spleen Bone marrow Thymus Question 28. Question : Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? Student Answer: Iron Zinc Iodine Magnesium Question 29. Question : Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms? Student Answer: Bacteria Fungi Viruses Yeasts Question 30. Question : Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys? Student Answer: Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Erythropoietin Angiotensinogen Question 31. Question : Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome? Student Answer: Coarctation of the aorta (COA) and pulmonary stenosis (PS) Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus Atrial septal defect (ASD) and dextrocardia Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Question 32. Question : Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man? Student Answer: Ligase chain reaction (LCR) Gram-stain technique Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA testing Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical “kidney bean” morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Such a finding is considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other options are not relevant to the diagnosis of this condition. Question 33. Question : During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated? Student Answer: Neutrophils Monocytes Eosinophils T lymphocytes Question 34. Question : What is the life span of platelets (in days)? Student Answer: 10 30 90 120 Question 35. Question : What is the role of caretaker genes? Student Answer: Maintenance of genomic integrity Proliferation of cancer cells Secretion of growth factors Restoration of normal tissue structure Question 36. Question : Which blood cell type is elevated at birth but decreases to adult levels during the first year of life? Student Answer: Monocytes Platelets Neutrophils Lymphocytes Question 37. Question : Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs? Student Answer: Perfusion Ventilation Respiration Diffusion Question 38. Question : In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of T-cell immunity? Student Answer: Bruton disease DiGeorge syndrome Reticular dysgenesis Adenosine deaminase deficiency Question 39. Question : Which substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking? Student Answer: Alcohol Steroids Antihistamines Antidepressants Question 40. Question : Which statement concerning exotoxins is true? Student Answer: Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria. Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades. Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth. Exotoxins are proteins released during bacterial growth. The other options are not true of exotoxins. Question 41. Question : Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Student Answer: Passive-acquired immunity Active-acquired immunity Passive-innate immunity Active-innate immunity An individual produces active-acquired immunity (active immunity) after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization, whereas passive-acquired immunity (passive immunity) does not involve the host’s immune response at all. The innate immune system, also known as nonspecific immune system and the first line of defense, is composed of the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a nonspecific manner, which means that the cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way. Question 42. Question : Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer? Student Answer: Liver Endometrial Stomach Colon The World Cancer Research Fund summarizes the effects as convincing for cancers of the colon and probable for postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer. The relationship is not supported for the remaining options. Question 43. Question : What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion? Student Answer: Macula densa Visceral epithelium Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Filtration slits Question 44. Question : What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? Student Answer: Hypotension Hyperesthesia Hypoxia Ischemia Question 45. Question : Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur? Student Answer: 0 and 1 2 and 4 5 and 6 6 and 7 Question 46. Question : What is the purpose of the spirometry measurement? Student Answer: To evaluate the cause of hypoxia To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration To measures the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary membrane To determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations Question 47. Question : Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? Student Answer: Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia. Question 48. Question : The drug heparin acts in hemostasis by which processes? Student Answer: Inhibiting thrombin and antithrombin III (AT-III) Preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Shortening the fibrin strands to retract the blood clot Degrading the fibrin within blood clots Question 49. Question : The coronary ostia are located in the: Student Answer: Left ventricle Aortic valve Coronary sinus Aorta Coronary arteries receive blood through openings in the aorta, called the coronary ostia. Question 50. Question : Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the: Student Answer: Vagus nerve Sympathetic nervous system Somatic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Question 51. Question : Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? Student Answer: Dysplasia Hyperplasia Myoplasia Anaplasia Anaplasia is defined as the loss of cellular differentiation, irregularities of the size and shape of the nucleus, and the loss of normal tissue structure. In clinical specimens, anaplasia is recognized by a loss of organization and a significant increase in nuclear size with evidence of ongoing proliferation. The remaining options refer to specific changes in the cell. Question 52. Question : Which statement best describes a Schilling test? Student Answer: Administration of radioactive cobalamin and the measurement of its excretion in the urine to test for vitamin B12 deficiency Measurement of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the blood to test for hemolytic anemia Measurement of serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity in the blood to test for iron deficiency anemia Administration of folate and measurement in 2 hours of its level in a blood sample to test for folic acid deficiency anemia. The Schilling test indirectly evaluates vitamin B12 absorption by administering radioactive B12 and measuring excretion in the urine. This selection is the only option that accurately describes a Schilling test. Question 53. Question : What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections? Student Answer: Development of antibiotic resistance Changes in virulence Changes in pathogenicity Mutations into different strains Several types of drug-resistant strains have been identified; they are penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), which is resistant to penicillin; tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG), which is resistant to tetracycline; chromosomal control of mechanisms of resistance of N. gonorrhoeae (CMRNG), which is resistant to penicillin and tetracycline; and increasingly a fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG). The other options are not major concerns. Question 54. Question : What is the action of urodilatin? Student Answer: Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles. Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion. It inhibits salt and water reabsorption. Question 55. Question : How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported? Student Answer: Attached to oxygen In the form of bicarbonate Combined with albumin Dissolved in the plasma Approximately 60% of the CO2 in venous blood and 90% of the CO2 in arterial blood are carried in the form of bicarbonate. Question 56. Question : The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location? Student Answer: Bones Brain Bladder Kidney Question 57. Question : Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? Student Answer: I II III IV Question 58. Question : Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma? Student Answer: IgM IgG IgE IgA Question 59. Question : The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer? Student Answer: Ovarian Uterine Cervical Vaginal Question 60. Question : The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation? Student Answer: 16 and 20 20 and 24 24 and 30 30 and 36