NURS 498 Exam 2 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What is Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER A condition caused by excess cortisol in
the body.
What are the endogenous causes of Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Pituitary
tumors, adrenal tumors, and ectopic ACTH-producing tumors.
What is an iatrogenic cause of Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Long-term steroid
use.
What are common clinical manifestations of excess cortisol? - CORRECT ANSWER Weight
gain, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, skin changes, and mood swings.
What is the surgical treatment for a pituitary adenoma in Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER Trans-sphenoidal approach (via nasal cavity).
What medication suppresses cortisol production in Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER Miotane (Lysodren).
What is Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER A type of primary adrenocortical
insufficiency characterized by insufficient levels of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and/or
androgens.
What are the causes of Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Autoimmune adrenalitis,
infections, or treatments such as cancer therapy.
What triggers symptoms of Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Stressful events.
What is an adrenal crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER A medical emergency due to insufficient
adrenal hormones, leading to hypotension, tachycardia, and electrolyte imbalances.
,What is the acute treatment for Addison's crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER IV corticosteroids, IV
fluids, and electrolyte correction.
What is the role of mineralocorticoids in chronic treatment of Addison's disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER To replace aldosterone and regulate sodium, water, and potassium levels.
What are long-term side effects of corticosteroid treatment? - CORRECT ANSWER Fat
redistribution, increased blood sugar, delayed wound healing, and osteoporosis.
What dietary recommendations are made for diabetes management? - CORRECT
ANSWER Limit saturated fats and sugars, increase fiber, and ensure hydration.
What is the cornerstone of diabetes management? - CORRECT ANSWER Increasing insulin
sensitivity and decreasing blood glucose levels through lifestyle changes.
What is Metformin's action in diabetes treatment? - CORRECT ANSWER It decreases liver
glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
What are common adverse effects of Sulfonylureas? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypoglycemia
and weight gain.
What do Thiazolidinediones do? - CORRECT ANSWER Increase insulin sensitivity and
decrease liver glucose production.
What is the action of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER They delay
glucose absorption by blocking enzymes in the small intestine.
What is the function of SGLT2 inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER They increase glucose
excretion in urine.
What should be monitored when using SGLT2 inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER Kidney
function, blood pressure, and potassium levels.
, What is the importance of medication adherence in adrenal disorders? - CORRECT
ANSWER To prevent adrenal insufficiency and manage symptoms effectively.
What are some nursing interventions for patients with adrenal disorders? - CORRECT
ANSWER Monitor cortisol levels, educate on medication use, and manage stress.
What is the recommended exercise duration for diabetes management? - CORRECT
ANSWER 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.
What should patients with Addison's disease do during stressful situations? - CORRECT
ANSWER Increase corticosteroid doses as needed.
What is a common symptom of adrenal insufficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Weakness,
fainting, fever, nausea, or vomiting.
What is the recommended approach to tapering corticosteroids? - CORRECT
ANSWER Gradually reduce the dosage to prevent adrenal suppression.
What lifestyle changes can help manage diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER Regular exercise,
balanced diet, and monitoring blood glucose levels.
What are Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors used for? - CORRECT ANSWER They
increase incretin hormones to increase insulin and decrease glucagon.
Name a DPP-4 Inhibitor. - CORRECT ANSWER Sitagliptin (Januvia)
What are GLP-1 Receptor Agonists? - CORRECT ANSWER They mimic the action of GLP-1
hormone, enhancing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon.
What is the purpose of insulin administration in diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER To mimic
how the pancreas works, providing basal and bolus insulin to prevent large swings in blood sugar.
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What is Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER A condition caused by excess cortisol in
the body.
What are the endogenous causes of Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Pituitary
tumors, adrenal tumors, and ectopic ACTH-producing tumors.
What is an iatrogenic cause of Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Long-term steroid
use.
What are common clinical manifestations of excess cortisol? - CORRECT ANSWER Weight
gain, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, skin changes, and mood swings.
What is the surgical treatment for a pituitary adenoma in Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER Trans-sphenoidal approach (via nasal cavity).
What medication suppresses cortisol production in Cushing's syndrome? - CORRECT
ANSWER Miotane (Lysodren).
What is Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER A type of primary adrenocortical
insufficiency characterized by insufficient levels of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and/or
androgens.
What are the causes of Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Autoimmune adrenalitis,
infections, or treatments such as cancer therapy.
What triggers symptoms of Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Stressful events.
What is an adrenal crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER A medical emergency due to insufficient
adrenal hormones, leading to hypotension, tachycardia, and electrolyte imbalances.
,What is the acute treatment for Addison's crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER IV corticosteroids, IV
fluids, and electrolyte correction.
What is the role of mineralocorticoids in chronic treatment of Addison's disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER To replace aldosterone and regulate sodium, water, and potassium levels.
What are long-term side effects of corticosteroid treatment? - CORRECT ANSWER Fat
redistribution, increased blood sugar, delayed wound healing, and osteoporosis.
What dietary recommendations are made for diabetes management? - CORRECT
ANSWER Limit saturated fats and sugars, increase fiber, and ensure hydration.
What is the cornerstone of diabetes management? - CORRECT ANSWER Increasing insulin
sensitivity and decreasing blood glucose levels through lifestyle changes.
What is Metformin's action in diabetes treatment? - CORRECT ANSWER It decreases liver
glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
What are common adverse effects of Sulfonylureas? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypoglycemia
and weight gain.
What do Thiazolidinediones do? - CORRECT ANSWER Increase insulin sensitivity and
decrease liver glucose production.
What is the action of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER They delay
glucose absorption by blocking enzymes in the small intestine.
What is the function of SGLT2 inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER They increase glucose
excretion in urine.
What should be monitored when using SGLT2 inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER Kidney
function, blood pressure, and potassium levels.
, What is the importance of medication adherence in adrenal disorders? - CORRECT
ANSWER To prevent adrenal insufficiency and manage symptoms effectively.
What are some nursing interventions for patients with adrenal disorders? - CORRECT
ANSWER Monitor cortisol levels, educate on medication use, and manage stress.
What is the recommended exercise duration for diabetes management? - CORRECT
ANSWER 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.
What should patients with Addison's disease do during stressful situations? - CORRECT
ANSWER Increase corticosteroid doses as needed.
What is a common symptom of adrenal insufficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Weakness,
fainting, fever, nausea, or vomiting.
What is the recommended approach to tapering corticosteroids? - CORRECT
ANSWER Gradually reduce the dosage to prevent adrenal suppression.
What lifestyle changes can help manage diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER Regular exercise,
balanced diet, and monitoring blood glucose levels.
What are Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors used for? - CORRECT ANSWER They
increase incretin hormones to increase insulin and decrease glucagon.
Name a DPP-4 Inhibitor. - CORRECT ANSWER Sitagliptin (Januvia)
What are GLP-1 Receptor Agonists? - CORRECT ANSWER They mimic the action of GLP-1
hormone, enhancing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon.
What is the purpose of insulin administration in diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER To mimic
how the pancreas works, providing basal and bolus insulin to prevent large swings in blood sugar.
