CPSY 3301 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
What is emotion? - Answers affect or feelings
physiological response (emotion) - Answers changes in heart rate, breathing, etc.
tied to facial expressions (emotion) - Answers smiling, frowning, etc.
cognitive aspects (emotion) - Answers depends on our understanding of what's happening
social aspect (emotion) - Answers used to communicate/regulate interactions with others
according to caregivers, do young infants display emotions? - Answers yes: within the first month
(joy, sadness, anger, etc.)
according to research, do young infants display emotions? - Answers yes: emotions emerge from 2
global states
(contentment and distress)
contentment - Answers happiness, interest
distress - Answers anger, fear, sadness, disgust
smiling in newborns - Answers reflexive, in REM sleep, associated with tension and release
smiling at 1 month - Answers interesting sights provoke
smiling at 8-10 weeks - Answers social smile: in response to caregiver
smiling at 12-16 weeks - Answers laughter
(First: to extreme stimuli (peek-a-boo), Second: to more subtle stimuli)
what is temperament? - Answers behavioral consistencies that appear early in life that are frequently
emotional in nature
(in part: genetically based, modified by experience)
how has temperament been studied? - Answers The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS): interviewed
mothers about infants (followed the kids from infant to adult)
dimensions of temperament (NYLS) - Answers activity level, biological/rhythmicity (sleep/eat
pattern), approach/withdrawal, adaptability, quality of mood, intensity of reactions, sensitivity,
distractibility, persistence
temperament types (NYLS) - Answers temperament dimensions combine to form three "types": Easy,
Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up
easy (temperament type) - Answers positive mood, fast adaptation, low-moderate activity, low
intensity of reactions, flexible (40% of people)
difficult (temperament type) - Answers negative mood, slow adaptation, high activity, intense
reactions, highly sensitive (low threshold for response) (10%)
slow-to-warm-up (temperament type) - Answers withdrawal, slow adaptation, low-moderate activity,
mild reactions, shy (15%)
"goodness-of-fit" model (NYLS) - Answers "difficult" children far WORSE on social/cognitive skills
when parenting quality is low but BEST when parenting quality is high
(goodness-of-fit model) define "fit" - Answers between temperament and caregiving predicts
developmental outcomes
predictions of behaviors problems from early temperament - Answers 70% of difficult children
developed behavior problems by school age
(compared to only 20% of easy children)
Rothbart and colleagues - Answers - infant questionnaire filled out by parents and caregivers
- emphasizes individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
(Rothbart) reactivity - Answers excitability, responsivity, or arousal of emotions, behavior, brain
system, etc.
(negative effect: extraversion)
(Rothbart) self-regulation - Answers neural and behavioral processes that modulate reactivity
(effortful control)
is temperament influenced more by nature or nurture? - Answers nature: differences appear early
(innate dispositions), heritability (evidence from twins), and monkey studies (identifying genes
associated with temperament)
nurture: only modest stability over time, temperament is influenced by caregiving, influenced by
culture (activity level in China vs. US)
the first step towards development of self-concept is the ability to - Answers recognize self
, when do children recognize self in mirror? - Answers at 3 months: no recognition, reach into mirror
for self and toys
(the rouge test plays in here)
"Rouge Test" - Answers apply spot of red on nose, then put child in front of mirror
under 15 mo: smile, touch mirror, vocalize, don't appear to recognize themselves
18-24 mo: touch their own nose, RECOGNITION
looking-glass self (Mead) - Answers - self is "mirrored" in reactions of others
- how parents interact with their kids gets incorporated into self-concept
chimpanzee study (Gallup) - Answers chimps raised in complete isolation do not recognize
themselves in mirror
temperament is __________ based, but behavioral outcomes are affected by __________
experiences - Answers biologically; environmental
define attachment - Answers enduring, emotional tie between caregiver and child
attachment serves two functions - Answers - alleviates distress
- promotes exploration
signs of attachment - Answers - separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
- comfort seeking
- secure base behavior
- greeting response
psychoanalytic theory (attachment) - Answers - relationships with mother provides model for all
other relationships
- baby becomes attached to mother because she satisfies basic needs, drive reduction, oral stage of
development
behaviorism (attachment) - Answers - caregivers meet infants' basic needs (feeding, relief from
discomfort)
- infants become attached through process of reinforcement
common theme in attachment theories? - Answers feeding is basis for attachment
(later learned this to NOT be true)
Harlow's monkey studies (1958) - Answers baby monkeys separated from their mothers at birth;
reared in cage with 2 surrogates (wire mom and cloth mom)
Ethological Theory (James Bowlby) - Answers - attachment is a coordinated set of behaviors that
promotes proximity with a caregiver
- attachment related to our evolutionary history (no human survival without attachment)
- function of attachment: ensures infants are cared for and protected
attachment categories - Answers -secure
- insecure (avoidant, resistant, and disorganized)
secure attachment - Answers uses caregiver as secure base, goes to parent upon return, effectively
soothed by parent, not as responsive to stranger as to parent (65% of infants)
insecure attachment: AVOIDANT - Answers less responsive/slow to greet parent, react to stranger
similarly to parent (20% of infants)
insecure attachment: RESISTANT - Answers reduced exploration, seeks proximity but not readily
soothed (10% of infants)
insecure attachment: DISORGANIZED - Answers confused, contradictory behavior, flat affect
(added later, associated with developmental disorders, abuse, etc.) (5% of infants)
theories of language development - Answers 1. behaviorist perspective (nurture)
2. nativist perspective (nature)
behaviorist perspective (language) - Answers language acquisition is driven by properties of the
language environment
nativist perspective (language) - Answers language acquisition is driven by innate properties of the
child (born with)
major processes of behaviorist perspective - Answers 1. reinforcement: praise for saying words,
getting what you ask for, etc.
2. imitation: repeating what you hear
What is emotion? - Answers affect or feelings
physiological response (emotion) - Answers changes in heart rate, breathing, etc.
tied to facial expressions (emotion) - Answers smiling, frowning, etc.
cognitive aspects (emotion) - Answers depends on our understanding of what's happening
social aspect (emotion) - Answers used to communicate/regulate interactions with others
according to caregivers, do young infants display emotions? - Answers yes: within the first month
(joy, sadness, anger, etc.)
according to research, do young infants display emotions? - Answers yes: emotions emerge from 2
global states
(contentment and distress)
contentment - Answers happiness, interest
distress - Answers anger, fear, sadness, disgust
smiling in newborns - Answers reflexive, in REM sleep, associated with tension and release
smiling at 1 month - Answers interesting sights provoke
smiling at 8-10 weeks - Answers social smile: in response to caregiver
smiling at 12-16 weeks - Answers laughter
(First: to extreme stimuli (peek-a-boo), Second: to more subtle stimuli)
what is temperament? - Answers behavioral consistencies that appear early in life that are frequently
emotional in nature
(in part: genetically based, modified by experience)
how has temperament been studied? - Answers The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS): interviewed
mothers about infants (followed the kids from infant to adult)
dimensions of temperament (NYLS) - Answers activity level, biological/rhythmicity (sleep/eat
pattern), approach/withdrawal, adaptability, quality of mood, intensity of reactions, sensitivity,
distractibility, persistence
temperament types (NYLS) - Answers temperament dimensions combine to form three "types": Easy,
Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up
easy (temperament type) - Answers positive mood, fast adaptation, low-moderate activity, low
intensity of reactions, flexible (40% of people)
difficult (temperament type) - Answers negative mood, slow adaptation, high activity, intense
reactions, highly sensitive (low threshold for response) (10%)
slow-to-warm-up (temperament type) - Answers withdrawal, slow adaptation, low-moderate activity,
mild reactions, shy (15%)
"goodness-of-fit" model (NYLS) - Answers "difficult" children far WORSE on social/cognitive skills
when parenting quality is low but BEST when parenting quality is high
(goodness-of-fit model) define "fit" - Answers between temperament and caregiving predicts
developmental outcomes
predictions of behaviors problems from early temperament - Answers 70% of difficult children
developed behavior problems by school age
(compared to only 20% of easy children)
Rothbart and colleagues - Answers - infant questionnaire filled out by parents and caregivers
- emphasizes individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
(Rothbart) reactivity - Answers excitability, responsivity, or arousal of emotions, behavior, brain
system, etc.
(negative effect: extraversion)
(Rothbart) self-regulation - Answers neural and behavioral processes that modulate reactivity
(effortful control)
is temperament influenced more by nature or nurture? - Answers nature: differences appear early
(innate dispositions), heritability (evidence from twins), and monkey studies (identifying genes
associated with temperament)
nurture: only modest stability over time, temperament is influenced by caregiving, influenced by
culture (activity level in China vs. US)
the first step towards development of self-concept is the ability to - Answers recognize self
, when do children recognize self in mirror? - Answers at 3 months: no recognition, reach into mirror
for self and toys
(the rouge test plays in here)
"Rouge Test" - Answers apply spot of red on nose, then put child in front of mirror
under 15 mo: smile, touch mirror, vocalize, don't appear to recognize themselves
18-24 mo: touch their own nose, RECOGNITION
looking-glass self (Mead) - Answers - self is "mirrored" in reactions of others
- how parents interact with their kids gets incorporated into self-concept
chimpanzee study (Gallup) - Answers chimps raised in complete isolation do not recognize
themselves in mirror
temperament is __________ based, but behavioral outcomes are affected by __________
experiences - Answers biologically; environmental
define attachment - Answers enduring, emotional tie between caregiver and child
attachment serves two functions - Answers - alleviates distress
- promotes exploration
signs of attachment - Answers - separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
- comfort seeking
- secure base behavior
- greeting response
psychoanalytic theory (attachment) - Answers - relationships with mother provides model for all
other relationships
- baby becomes attached to mother because she satisfies basic needs, drive reduction, oral stage of
development
behaviorism (attachment) - Answers - caregivers meet infants' basic needs (feeding, relief from
discomfort)
- infants become attached through process of reinforcement
common theme in attachment theories? - Answers feeding is basis for attachment
(later learned this to NOT be true)
Harlow's monkey studies (1958) - Answers baby monkeys separated from their mothers at birth;
reared in cage with 2 surrogates (wire mom and cloth mom)
Ethological Theory (James Bowlby) - Answers - attachment is a coordinated set of behaviors that
promotes proximity with a caregiver
- attachment related to our evolutionary history (no human survival without attachment)
- function of attachment: ensures infants are cared for and protected
attachment categories - Answers -secure
- insecure (avoidant, resistant, and disorganized)
secure attachment - Answers uses caregiver as secure base, goes to parent upon return, effectively
soothed by parent, not as responsive to stranger as to parent (65% of infants)
insecure attachment: AVOIDANT - Answers less responsive/slow to greet parent, react to stranger
similarly to parent (20% of infants)
insecure attachment: RESISTANT - Answers reduced exploration, seeks proximity but not readily
soothed (10% of infants)
insecure attachment: DISORGANIZED - Answers confused, contradictory behavior, flat affect
(added later, associated with developmental disorders, abuse, etc.) (5% of infants)
theories of language development - Answers 1. behaviorist perspective (nurture)
2. nativist perspective (nature)
behaviorist perspective (language) - Answers language acquisition is driven by properties of the
language environment
nativist perspective (language) - Answers language acquisition is driven by innate properties of the
child (born with)
major processes of behaviorist perspective - Answers 1. reinforcement: praise for saying words,
getting what you ask for, etc.
2. imitation: repeating what you hear
