Name_____________________
KS4 Biology
(Part 1) Cell Biology
Topic Booklet
Lesson
1. Animal and plant cells
2. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
3. Animal cell specialisation
4. Plant cell specialisation
5. Conversion, Standard Form, and Rearranging equations
6. The world of microscopes
7. Calculating magnification
8. Microscopes RP
9. FA1
0
,Lesson 1 Animal and plant cells
KEYWORD DEFINITION
Cell The basic unit of life.
Cell membrane Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore
controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Nucleus Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.
Cell wall Structural layer surrounding plant cells, just outside the cell membrane.
Chloroplasts Contains chlorophyll (green pigment in plants).
Mitochondria Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is
released in respiration.
Vacuole A space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm, lined with a membrane, and
filled with fluid.
Animal cells
All animals are made up of animal cells. A cell is the basic unit of life, from which larger structures
such as tissue and organs are made. The features of an animal cell are very important in science and
it is essential that you know how to draw, identify and recall aspects of animal cells.
Animal cells have an irregular shape. They contain different features that are called organelles.
These features carry out a very specific function within the cell and are essential for the working of
animal cells. You must learn what the role of the organelles is within the animal cell. The organelles
found in animal cells are shown in the diagram below.
Each organelle has a specific function (job). You must know the function of each of these organelles.
The nucleus controls the activity of the cell. It also contains the genes that carry the instructions
needed for making protein and new cells.
Note: do not mix the nucleus of an atom with the nucleus of a cell.
1
,The cytoplasm is a liquid gel in which other organelles are found. This is where most chemical
reactions happen.
The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration. This is the process by which energy is released
from glucose and oxygen. You will learn more about this process in your Bioenergetics unit.
Note: you must never say energy is created in the mitochondria because energy cannot be created
or destroyed.
Ribosomes are where proteins are synthesised. The word synthesis means to make.
Finally, the cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell.
TASK 1 - Comprehension questions
Answer the questions below in your books.
1. Draw and label an animal cell.
2. The micrograph image below shows the organelle responsible for providing energy for
cellular processes. Name the organelle in the figure below. (1)
3. Cells can be visualised with a light microscope. The figure below shows some muscle cells
from the wall of the small intestine.
All cells contain ribosomes. Outline the function of ribosomes. (1)
4. Muscle cells contain many mitochondria as seen in the figure above. What is the function of
mitochondria? (2)
Extension questions
2
, 1. What is the function of the ribosomes?
2. Ryan says that energy is created in the mitochondria. Why is Ryan incorrect?
Plant cells
The plant cell has all of the organelles that are found in animal
cells but it also has some more that are not found in animal
cells. These organelles include chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
and cell wall.
The permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap. This structure
helps keep the cell rigid. Animal cells may also have vacuoles,
but these are small and temporary. In animals, they are
commonly used to store or transport substances.
The cell wall is separate from the cell membrane. It surrounds
the cell membrane and is made of a tough structure called cellulose. The cell wall strengthens the
cell and helps give it support.
The chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light and allows the
plant to photosynthesise. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to make their
own food in the form of glucose. Again, you will learn more about this process in the Bioenergetics
unit.
TASK 2 - Comprehension questions
Answer the questions below in your books.
1. The figure below shows an image of a plant cell, identify structures P, Q and R. (3)
2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
3. What is the cell wall made of?
4. Copy and complete the Venn diagram below.
3
KS4 Biology
(Part 1) Cell Biology
Topic Booklet
Lesson
1. Animal and plant cells
2. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
3. Animal cell specialisation
4. Plant cell specialisation
5. Conversion, Standard Form, and Rearranging equations
6. The world of microscopes
7. Calculating magnification
8. Microscopes RP
9. FA1
0
,Lesson 1 Animal and plant cells
KEYWORD DEFINITION
Cell The basic unit of life.
Cell membrane Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore
controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Nucleus Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.
Cell wall Structural layer surrounding plant cells, just outside the cell membrane.
Chloroplasts Contains chlorophyll (green pigment in plants).
Mitochondria Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is
released in respiration.
Vacuole A space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm, lined with a membrane, and
filled with fluid.
Animal cells
All animals are made up of animal cells. A cell is the basic unit of life, from which larger structures
such as tissue and organs are made. The features of an animal cell are very important in science and
it is essential that you know how to draw, identify and recall aspects of animal cells.
Animal cells have an irregular shape. They contain different features that are called organelles.
These features carry out a very specific function within the cell and are essential for the working of
animal cells. You must learn what the role of the organelles is within the animal cell. The organelles
found in animal cells are shown in the diagram below.
Each organelle has a specific function (job). You must know the function of each of these organelles.
The nucleus controls the activity of the cell. It also contains the genes that carry the instructions
needed for making protein and new cells.
Note: do not mix the nucleus of an atom with the nucleus of a cell.
1
,The cytoplasm is a liquid gel in which other organelles are found. This is where most chemical
reactions happen.
The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration. This is the process by which energy is released
from glucose and oxygen. You will learn more about this process in your Bioenergetics unit.
Note: you must never say energy is created in the mitochondria because energy cannot be created
or destroyed.
Ribosomes are where proteins are synthesised. The word synthesis means to make.
Finally, the cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell.
TASK 1 - Comprehension questions
Answer the questions below in your books.
1. Draw and label an animal cell.
2. The micrograph image below shows the organelle responsible for providing energy for
cellular processes. Name the organelle in the figure below. (1)
3. Cells can be visualised with a light microscope. The figure below shows some muscle cells
from the wall of the small intestine.
All cells contain ribosomes. Outline the function of ribosomes. (1)
4. Muscle cells contain many mitochondria as seen in the figure above. What is the function of
mitochondria? (2)
Extension questions
2
, 1. What is the function of the ribosomes?
2. Ryan says that energy is created in the mitochondria. Why is Ryan incorrect?
Plant cells
The plant cell has all of the organelles that are found in animal
cells but it also has some more that are not found in animal
cells. These organelles include chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
and cell wall.
The permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap. This structure
helps keep the cell rigid. Animal cells may also have vacuoles,
but these are small and temporary. In animals, they are
commonly used to store or transport substances.
The cell wall is separate from the cell membrane. It surrounds
the cell membrane and is made of a tough structure called cellulose. The cell wall strengthens the
cell and helps give it support.
The chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light and allows the
plant to photosynthesise. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to make their
own food in the form of glucose. Again, you will learn more about this process in the Bioenergetics
unit.
TASK 2 - Comprehension questions
Answer the questions below in your books.
1. The figure below shows an image of a plant cell, identify structures P, Q and R. (3)
2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
3. What is the cell wall made of?
4. Copy and complete the Venn diagram below.
3
