BIO 1002B- Cycle 1, Cycle 2 Study
Guide Questions with Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Flagellum - Answer A motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis- used for
locomotion
Eyespot - Answer Controls phototaxis - eyespot responds to light stimulus by directing the
flagella to move towards or away from the light source.
Chloroplast - Answer An organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site
of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into
chemical energy for growth.
Nucleus - Answer - A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes.
- The nucleus regulates and controls the activities of the cell (e.g. growth and metabolism) and
carries the genes (structures that contain the hereditary information)
- Pores in the nuclear membrane allow for the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
Cytoplasm - Answer - The gel-like liquid that fills the inside of a cell and contains all
organelles.
- It is composed of water, salts and various organic molecules.
Prokaryotic Cell (distinctions) - Answer · Lacks nucleus & membrane bound organelles
· Nucleoid region where prokaryotic DNA is found
· Flagella used for locomotion
· Many have polysaccharide capsules
· Pili used for exchange of genetic material during conjugation
· 70s Ribosomes
· 0.1-5.0mm in diameter = significantly smaller
· Predominantly single celled organisms of the domains Bacteria & Archaea
· Circular DNA
Eukaryotic Cell (distinctions) - Answer · Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (which
have specialized functions)
· 80s Ribosomes
,· 10-100mm in diameter = significantly larger
· Linear DNA
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell similarities - Answer Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have
a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (genetic material of the cell), and ribosomes.
life cycle - Answer period involving one generation of an organism through means of
reproduction, whether it be through sexual or asexual reproduction
Ploidy - Answer number of sets of chromosomes an organism has (n vs. 2n)
spores vs. gametes - Answer spores grown, while gametes fuse after meiosis
2 types of eukaryotic lifestyles - Answer haplontic & diplontic
haplontic life cycle - Answer - n phase dominates the life cycle
- zygotic meiosis
multicellular stage is haploid
- when diploid zygote is formed, it undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores -> grow by
mitosis to produce multicellular haploid organisms
Diplontic life cycle - Answer - 2n dominates the life cycle
- animals and plants are diplontic
- multicellular stage is diploid
- zygote grows via mitosis into a diploid, multicellular organism
- gametic meiosis (since meiosis results in the production of gametes)
Is chlamy haplontic or diplontic? - Answer haplontic
what stage does most of chlamy growth occur in? - Answer G1 phase
Commitment stage - Answer - the state at which chlamy has grown large enough to be able
to divide (but often continues to grow/get bigger anyways)
- once at this stage/threshold, don't need to be any larger to trigger cell division
at what stage does chlamy undergo cell division? - Answer S/M phase
, do larger or smaller chlamy cells divide more frequently? - Answer larger
3 major phases of the microbial growth curve - Answer - lag phase
- exponential phase
- stationary phase
lag phase - Answer cells don't grow much
exponential phase - Answer exponential cell growth (steepest part of slope & can be used to
calculate growth rate)
stationary phase - Answer cells stop dividing
chlamydomonas phylogeny (relationship to plants & animals) - Answer - has attributes of
both plants and animals
- more closely related to plants that animals
- there are traits in chlamy and humans that are not in plants
why do chlamy and humans have flagella but plants do not? - Answer - most recent common
ancestor of plants, humans and algae had flagella
- flagella was retained in algae and humans (genes that encode flagellum are virtually the same
between chlamy and humans)
- flagella was lost in plants
Mutations that alter cilia structure/function cause many human disease states (ciliopathies)
(recall, we make no distinction between cilia and flagella) - Answer - ciliopathies are diseases
linked to defects in cilia/flagellum locomotion (non-motile cilia)
- result of these dysfunctions are in the senses (sensory dysfunction)
- in vertebrate cells, cilia is related less to movement and more about sensing the environment
examines if a ciliopathic disease (infertility) - Answer caused by defects in motile cilia (sperm
can't swim)
motile cilia - Answer cilia that can move
non-motile cilia - Answer function as sensory receptors (don't move)
Guide Questions with Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Flagellum - Answer A motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis- used for
locomotion
Eyespot - Answer Controls phototaxis - eyespot responds to light stimulus by directing the
flagella to move towards or away from the light source.
Chloroplast - Answer An organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site
of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into
chemical energy for growth.
Nucleus - Answer - A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes.
- The nucleus regulates and controls the activities of the cell (e.g. growth and metabolism) and
carries the genes (structures that contain the hereditary information)
- Pores in the nuclear membrane allow for the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
Cytoplasm - Answer - The gel-like liquid that fills the inside of a cell and contains all
organelles.
- It is composed of water, salts and various organic molecules.
Prokaryotic Cell (distinctions) - Answer · Lacks nucleus & membrane bound organelles
· Nucleoid region where prokaryotic DNA is found
· Flagella used for locomotion
· Many have polysaccharide capsules
· Pili used for exchange of genetic material during conjugation
· 70s Ribosomes
· 0.1-5.0mm in diameter = significantly smaller
· Predominantly single celled organisms of the domains Bacteria & Archaea
· Circular DNA
Eukaryotic Cell (distinctions) - Answer · Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (which
have specialized functions)
· 80s Ribosomes
,· 10-100mm in diameter = significantly larger
· Linear DNA
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell similarities - Answer Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have
a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (genetic material of the cell), and ribosomes.
life cycle - Answer period involving one generation of an organism through means of
reproduction, whether it be through sexual or asexual reproduction
Ploidy - Answer number of sets of chromosomes an organism has (n vs. 2n)
spores vs. gametes - Answer spores grown, while gametes fuse after meiosis
2 types of eukaryotic lifestyles - Answer haplontic & diplontic
haplontic life cycle - Answer - n phase dominates the life cycle
- zygotic meiosis
multicellular stage is haploid
- when diploid zygote is formed, it undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores -> grow by
mitosis to produce multicellular haploid organisms
Diplontic life cycle - Answer - 2n dominates the life cycle
- animals and plants are diplontic
- multicellular stage is diploid
- zygote grows via mitosis into a diploid, multicellular organism
- gametic meiosis (since meiosis results in the production of gametes)
Is chlamy haplontic or diplontic? - Answer haplontic
what stage does most of chlamy growth occur in? - Answer G1 phase
Commitment stage - Answer - the state at which chlamy has grown large enough to be able
to divide (but often continues to grow/get bigger anyways)
- once at this stage/threshold, don't need to be any larger to trigger cell division
at what stage does chlamy undergo cell division? - Answer S/M phase
, do larger or smaller chlamy cells divide more frequently? - Answer larger
3 major phases of the microbial growth curve - Answer - lag phase
- exponential phase
- stationary phase
lag phase - Answer cells don't grow much
exponential phase - Answer exponential cell growth (steepest part of slope & can be used to
calculate growth rate)
stationary phase - Answer cells stop dividing
chlamydomonas phylogeny (relationship to plants & animals) - Answer - has attributes of
both plants and animals
- more closely related to plants that animals
- there are traits in chlamy and humans that are not in plants
why do chlamy and humans have flagella but plants do not? - Answer - most recent common
ancestor of plants, humans and algae had flagella
- flagella was retained in algae and humans (genes that encode flagellum are virtually the same
between chlamy and humans)
- flagella was lost in plants
Mutations that alter cilia structure/function cause many human disease states (ciliopathies)
(recall, we make no distinction between cilia and flagella) - Answer - ciliopathies are diseases
linked to defects in cilia/flagellum locomotion (non-motile cilia)
- result of these dysfunctions are in the senses (sensory dysfunction)
- in vertebrate cells, cilia is related less to movement and more about sensing the environment
examines if a ciliopathic disease (infertility) - Answer caused by defects in motile cilia (sperm
can't swim)
motile cilia - Answer cilia that can move
non-motile cilia - Answer function as sensory receptors (don't move)
