Bio 1002B: Midterm 1 Bio 1002B Test
Questions and All Correct Answers
2026 Updated.
What makes chlamy a model system - Answer -PSS does not only occur in chloroplasts
-it occurs in bacteria/archea and these don't have organellels
-bacteria only has 1 genome
Model system because:
-easy to grow (grows in liquid on a plate)
-simple
-small genome
-can manipulate genes
-reproduces fast
-HAPLOID
-facultatively sexual
-standard eukaryotic cell
-cilia and flaggela have the same developmental pathway (makes it easier to study cilia in
humans)
Has a genome smaller than homo sapiens...., but protein coding genes in chalmy are not that
much less than in homo sapiens
-chlahmy almost has the same amount of genes even though it has a much smaller genome
-chlamy has much less junk DNA, genes packed more densely
Open Reading Frame - Answer -sequence of DNA predicted to encode a protein
-part of a reading frame that has the ability to be translated (protein coding genes)
"part that is going to be translated"
What genes are required for phototaxis? - Answer How do we figure out what genes are
required for a certain phenotype?
-find an organism in which this trait is defective and look at what is different?
.... for chalmy... find something that is NOT phototatic and look for the mutants in the trait
,Chalmy - Answer -single cell eukaryote
-has flagella
-10 um in size, about 10 times bigger than bacteria
-uses light for energy & information
-eyespot- gains info on physical environment (in chloroplast)
-has a nuclear genome.
-has three genomes (mitochondrial, nuclear and chloroplast genome)
-
Plot ORFS/mb DNA vs Genome SIze - Answer As Genome size increases, decrease in the
ORFS per mb
Insertional Mutatgenesis & Chlamy - Answer -too hard to search for chlamy that is mutated
-so make the mutant yourself!
-"insertional mutagenesis"
-insert chunk of foreign DNA in chlamy genome
-can insert random DNA or could insert antibiotic resistance gene
-To do this.... take the wild type (the non mutant) and mix it with the antibiotic resistance gene
-ZAP it with electric field (electroporation)
-for a split second the membranes will open up, DNA will get into the nucleus-mutation now
caused
-plate this mix on agar and wait 2 weeks
-now only antibiotic resistant cells resistant cells are growing
Efficiency of Insertional Mutatgenesis & Chlamy - Answer -efficient is really low
-this means that when you zap it and try to insert Antibiotic resistance gene not a lot of the cells
actual take it up
-HOWEVER! this doesn't matter
-Process is completely random, the antibiotic resistance gene sees all the chlamy DNA as the
same
-all you really need is 1-2 inserts into the genome
Maintaining and Screening the Mutant Population - Answer -Continue to insert in different
areas of genome to eventually cover the entire genome
, -array the mutants (line them up) using robots
-propagate it in the lab
-now notice that one mutant may swim away from the light (negatively phototactic)
-we know that the antibiotic resistance is in that one
-also if one wasn't growing as well, the AR could have also been in that and interrupted the PSS
sequence
Phototaxis and Polygenetic - Answer MORE than one gene controls phototaxis.
How old is the Earth? - Answer 4.6 BY old
-life only 4 BYA
stromatolites - Answer -layers rocks
-first of fossil evidence
-microorganisms bind particles together forming thing sheets (cyanobacteria)
-microbial activity produces this formation
-different oxidation state of iron in sedimentary rock.
Four major developments that need to take place to make a living cell: - Answer 1) abiotic
synthesis (making compounds using non-living molecules)
2) metabolism
3) Heritable information
4) formation of cells
FHAM
7 characteristics of Life - Answer 1. Order (display Order)
2. Harness and Use Energy
3. Reproduce
4. Respond to stimuli
5. exhibit homeostasis
6. Grow and develop
7. Evolve
Oscar Helps Ross Read Every Good Elephant
Questions and All Correct Answers
2026 Updated.
What makes chlamy a model system - Answer -PSS does not only occur in chloroplasts
-it occurs in bacteria/archea and these don't have organellels
-bacteria only has 1 genome
Model system because:
-easy to grow (grows in liquid on a plate)
-simple
-small genome
-can manipulate genes
-reproduces fast
-HAPLOID
-facultatively sexual
-standard eukaryotic cell
-cilia and flaggela have the same developmental pathway (makes it easier to study cilia in
humans)
Has a genome smaller than homo sapiens...., but protein coding genes in chalmy are not that
much less than in homo sapiens
-chlahmy almost has the same amount of genes even though it has a much smaller genome
-chlamy has much less junk DNA, genes packed more densely
Open Reading Frame - Answer -sequence of DNA predicted to encode a protein
-part of a reading frame that has the ability to be translated (protein coding genes)
"part that is going to be translated"
What genes are required for phototaxis? - Answer How do we figure out what genes are
required for a certain phenotype?
-find an organism in which this trait is defective and look at what is different?
.... for chalmy... find something that is NOT phototatic and look for the mutants in the trait
,Chalmy - Answer -single cell eukaryote
-has flagella
-10 um in size, about 10 times bigger than bacteria
-uses light for energy & information
-eyespot- gains info on physical environment (in chloroplast)
-has a nuclear genome.
-has three genomes (mitochondrial, nuclear and chloroplast genome)
-
Plot ORFS/mb DNA vs Genome SIze - Answer As Genome size increases, decrease in the
ORFS per mb
Insertional Mutatgenesis & Chlamy - Answer -too hard to search for chlamy that is mutated
-so make the mutant yourself!
-"insertional mutagenesis"
-insert chunk of foreign DNA in chlamy genome
-can insert random DNA or could insert antibiotic resistance gene
-To do this.... take the wild type (the non mutant) and mix it with the antibiotic resistance gene
-ZAP it with electric field (electroporation)
-for a split second the membranes will open up, DNA will get into the nucleus-mutation now
caused
-plate this mix on agar and wait 2 weeks
-now only antibiotic resistant cells resistant cells are growing
Efficiency of Insertional Mutatgenesis & Chlamy - Answer -efficient is really low
-this means that when you zap it and try to insert Antibiotic resistance gene not a lot of the cells
actual take it up
-HOWEVER! this doesn't matter
-Process is completely random, the antibiotic resistance gene sees all the chlamy DNA as the
same
-all you really need is 1-2 inserts into the genome
Maintaining and Screening the Mutant Population - Answer -Continue to insert in different
areas of genome to eventually cover the entire genome
, -array the mutants (line them up) using robots
-propagate it in the lab
-now notice that one mutant may swim away from the light (negatively phototactic)
-we know that the antibiotic resistance is in that one
-also if one wasn't growing as well, the AR could have also been in that and interrupted the PSS
sequence
Phototaxis and Polygenetic - Answer MORE than one gene controls phototaxis.
How old is the Earth? - Answer 4.6 BY old
-life only 4 BYA
stromatolites - Answer -layers rocks
-first of fossil evidence
-microorganisms bind particles together forming thing sheets (cyanobacteria)
-microbial activity produces this formation
-different oxidation state of iron in sedimentary rock.
Four major developments that need to take place to make a living cell: - Answer 1) abiotic
synthesis (making compounds using non-living molecules)
2) metabolism
3) Heritable information
4) formation of cells
FHAM
7 characteristics of Life - Answer 1. Order (display Order)
2. Harness and Use Energy
3. Reproduce
4. Respond to stimuli
5. exhibit homeostasis
6. Grow and develop
7. Evolve
Oscar Helps Ross Read Every Good Elephant
