BIO 121 Final Exam Study Guide + Practice Questions |
Montgomery County Community College (2026)
1. In 6C6H12O6 there are ________ oxygen atoms? - answers-36:
2. The molecular mass of Na2CO3 is... - answers-106
3. In the equation 2H2 + 02 ---> 2H2O....
A. H2, O2, and H2O are all compounds
B. H2, O2, and H2O are all elements
C. Only H2 and O2 are compounds
D. Only H2O is a compound - answers-D. Only H2O is a compound
4.The tendency of water molecules to stick with another molecule other than
water is.... -answers-Adhesion
5.Which is less dense, solid water or liquid water? - answers-Liquid water-the
molecules can fit closer together because they are breaking and reforming, unlike
ice molecules
6.pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than pH of 6? - answers-1000x more
7.Covalent Bonds - answers-share electrons
8.Ionic Bonds - answers-accept electrons
9.What does the body NOT break down for energy? - answers-RNA
10.3 most common atoms in our body - answers-hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
11.Which of the following contains a carboxyl group and an amino group?
A. Amino acid
,B. Fat
C. Sugar
D. Vinegar - answers-A. Amino acid
12.Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis (condensation)
is FALSE?
A. One monomer loses hydrogen atoms, another hydroxyl group
B. H2O is formed as the monomers are joined
C. Covalent bonds are formed between monomers
D. Animal digestive systems utilize to break down food - answers-D. Animal
digestive systems utilize to break down food
13.An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by
- answers-adding hydrogen, decreasing the number of double bonds in molecule.
14.Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be -
answers-unsaturated
15.Primary structure of a protein is - answers-the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide chain
16.Which of the following are false about nucleotides?
A. Nucleotides contain lipids
B. Nucleotides contain sugar molecules
C. Nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids
D. Nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases - answers-A. Nucleotides contain lipids
17.A molecule with the formula C18H32O16 is a - answers-polypeptide
18.Monosaccharides ratio - answers-1:2:1
Ex. Glucose C6H12O2
19.Isomers are - answers-molecules that have the same molecular formula
20.Disaccharide are - answers-2 monosaccharides together with condensation
reaction (H2O is taken out)
21.Hydrolysis reaction is - answers-adding water
22.Polysaccharides are - answers-Disaccharides + monosaccharides
also, hydrophilic
23.Nucleoid region of prokaryotic cell - answers-contains the cells of DNA
24.Function of nucleolus is... - answers-to manufacture ribosomal RNA
,25.Which location in the cell is UNLIKELY to contain ribosomes or ribosomal
units? - answers-Plasma membrane
26.Order in which insulin passes through from its production to its exit from the
cell - answers-Rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles,
cell membrane
27.Gap Junctions - answers-connect cytoplasm of 2 cells and allows molecules,
ions, and electric impulses
28.Tight Junctions - answers-Prevents cell leakage
29.Anchoring Junctions - answers-Proteins fasten cells together
30.What part of the cell is responsible for ATP? - answers-Mitochondria
31.,What part of the cell is responsible for lipids and proteins? - answers-ER
33.Thermodynamics First Law - answers-Energy can be transformed and
transferred, but cannot be destroyed or created.
34.Thermodynamics Second Law - answers-In each energy transformation, some
energy is lost in the form of heat
When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released
from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction. - answers-exergonic,
endergonic
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction... - answers-it lowers the activation energy
of the reaction
Substrates bind to an enzyme's ______ site. - answers-Active
Heating inactivates enzymes by - answers-changing the enzyme's three-
dimensional shape by breaking peptide bonds
Which of the following processes is endergonic?
A. Burning of wood
B. Breakdown of glucose
C. The synthesis of glucose form carbon dioxide to water
D. Cellular Respiration - answers-C. the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide
and water
Catalysts - answers-Speed up/start chemical reactions and lower the activation
level
, Enzyme Competitive Inhibition - answers-Competing for one active site
Non-competitive inhibition - answers-Two sites that fit perfect (allosteric site)
Feedback Inhibition - answers-Substrate becomes product to feedback into
enzyme to change shape
Solute - answers-subject being dissolved
Solute - answers-subject doing the dissolving
Passive transport - answers-No energy required
Facilitated Diffusion - answers-Needs help (charged ions or big molecules)
Osmosis - answers-Only allows water
Isotonic - answers-cell volume will not change
Hypertonic - answers-cell will shrink (higher water level)
Hypotonic - answers-Cell will expand (lower water level)
Active transport - answers-requires ATP and transport proteins (low to high
concentration)
Bulk transport - answers-too much to move through the membrane
Phagocytosis - answers-bringing in a cell (food)
Pinocytosis - answers-bringing in liquid
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - answers-bringing in specific lipids
Which of the following would have the most trouble crossing a biological
membrane by diffusing through lipid bilayer?
A. O2
B. CO2
C. Na+
D. a small, nonpolar molecule - answers-Na+ (charged ion)
Diffusion does not require the cell to expand ATP. Therefore, diffusion is -
answers-Passive transport
You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding
seawater. As a result, - answers-You dehydrate yourself
Montgomery County Community College (2026)
1. In 6C6H12O6 there are ________ oxygen atoms? - answers-36:
2. The molecular mass of Na2CO3 is... - answers-106
3. In the equation 2H2 + 02 ---> 2H2O....
A. H2, O2, and H2O are all compounds
B. H2, O2, and H2O are all elements
C. Only H2 and O2 are compounds
D. Only H2O is a compound - answers-D. Only H2O is a compound
4.The tendency of water molecules to stick with another molecule other than
water is.... -answers-Adhesion
5.Which is less dense, solid water or liquid water? - answers-Liquid water-the
molecules can fit closer together because they are breaking and reforming, unlike
ice molecules
6.pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than pH of 6? - answers-1000x more
7.Covalent Bonds - answers-share electrons
8.Ionic Bonds - answers-accept electrons
9.What does the body NOT break down for energy? - answers-RNA
10.3 most common atoms in our body - answers-hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
11.Which of the following contains a carboxyl group and an amino group?
A. Amino acid
,B. Fat
C. Sugar
D. Vinegar - answers-A. Amino acid
12.Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis (condensation)
is FALSE?
A. One monomer loses hydrogen atoms, another hydroxyl group
B. H2O is formed as the monomers are joined
C. Covalent bonds are formed between monomers
D. Animal digestive systems utilize to break down food - answers-D. Animal
digestive systems utilize to break down food
13.An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by
- answers-adding hydrogen, decreasing the number of double bonds in molecule.
14.Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be -
answers-unsaturated
15.Primary structure of a protein is - answers-the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide chain
16.Which of the following are false about nucleotides?
A. Nucleotides contain lipids
B. Nucleotides contain sugar molecules
C. Nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids
D. Nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases - answers-A. Nucleotides contain lipids
17.A molecule with the formula C18H32O16 is a - answers-polypeptide
18.Monosaccharides ratio - answers-1:2:1
Ex. Glucose C6H12O2
19.Isomers are - answers-molecules that have the same molecular formula
20.Disaccharide are - answers-2 monosaccharides together with condensation
reaction (H2O is taken out)
21.Hydrolysis reaction is - answers-adding water
22.Polysaccharides are - answers-Disaccharides + monosaccharides
also, hydrophilic
23.Nucleoid region of prokaryotic cell - answers-contains the cells of DNA
24.Function of nucleolus is... - answers-to manufacture ribosomal RNA
,25.Which location in the cell is UNLIKELY to contain ribosomes or ribosomal
units? - answers-Plasma membrane
26.Order in which insulin passes through from its production to its exit from the
cell - answers-Rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles,
cell membrane
27.Gap Junctions - answers-connect cytoplasm of 2 cells and allows molecules,
ions, and electric impulses
28.Tight Junctions - answers-Prevents cell leakage
29.Anchoring Junctions - answers-Proteins fasten cells together
30.What part of the cell is responsible for ATP? - answers-Mitochondria
31.,What part of the cell is responsible for lipids and proteins? - answers-ER
33.Thermodynamics First Law - answers-Energy can be transformed and
transferred, but cannot be destroyed or created.
34.Thermodynamics Second Law - answers-In each energy transformation, some
energy is lost in the form of heat
When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released
from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction. - answers-exergonic,
endergonic
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction... - answers-it lowers the activation energy
of the reaction
Substrates bind to an enzyme's ______ site. - answers-Active
Heating inactivates enzymes by - answers-changing the enzyme's three-
dimensional shape by breaking peptide bonds
Which of the following processes is endergonic?
A. Burning of wood
B. Breakdown of glucose
C. The synthesis of glucose form carbon dioxide to water
D. Cellular Respiration - answers-C. the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide
and water
Catalysts - answers-Speed up/start chemical reactions and lower the activation
level
, Enzyme Competitive Inhibition - answers-Competing for one active site
Non-competitive inhibition - answers-Two sites that fit perfect (allosteric site)
Feedback Inhibition - answers-Substrate becomes product to feedback into
enzyme to change shape
Solute - answers-subject being dissolved
Solute - answers-subject doing the dissolving
Passive transport - answers-No energy required
Facilitated Diffusion - answers-Needs help (charged ions or big molecules)
Osmosis - answers-Only allows water
Isotonic - answers-cell volume will not change
Hypertonic - answers-cell will shrink (higher water level)
Hypotonic - answers-Cell will expand (lower water level)
Active transport - answers-requires ATP and transport proteins (low to high
concentration)
Bulk transport - answers-too much to move through the membrane
Phagocytosis - answers-bringing in a cell (food)
Pinocytosis - answers-bringing in liquid
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - answers-bringing in specific lipids
Which of the following would have the most trouble crossing a biological
membrane by diffusing through lipid bilayer?
A. O2
B. CO2
C. Na+
D. a small, nonpolar molecule - answers-Na+ (charged ion)
Diffusion does not require the cell to expand ATP. Therefore, diffusion is -
answers-Passive transport
You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding
seawater. As a result, - answers-You dehydrate yourself
