Biology 1002B: Cycle 3 Study Guide
Questions and All Actual Answers.
Meaning of potential, kinetic, chemical energy and correct examples of each. - Answer
Potential energy- the energy an object has because of its position or chemical structure.
A boulder at the top of a cliff has potential energy because of its position in the gravitational
field of Earth.
Kinetic energy is based on movement
Obvious examples of objects that possess kinetic energy are waves in the ocean, a falling rock, a
kicked football. A less obvious example is the kinetic energy of electricity, which is a flow of
electrons. Photons of light are also a form of kinetic energy. The movement associated with
kinetic energy is of use because it can perform work by making other objects move.
Chemical energy stored in the bonds of molecules (The potential energy possessed by a specific
molecule)
Recall that covalent bonds are an interaction between negatively charged electrons and the
positively charged
nuclei of the atoms in the molecule. As an electron is attracted to and moves closer to one
atomic nucleus, it loses
potential energy. This potential energy is converted to other types of energy such as light or
heat. Conversely, to move
an electron further away from a nucleus requires an input of energy, as the further away from
the nucleus the more
potential energy an electron possesses
Distinction between Closed, Open and Isolated systems - Answer Open - exchange matter
and energy/heat with systems and surroundings
Closed - only exchange energy/heat
Isolated - does not exchange matter or energy/heat with surroundings
Definition and examples of: First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics. -
Answer 1st law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, can only be transferred
2nd Law: The entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
-Entropy of an isolated system always increases (heat flows from hot to cold)
-Energy moved from being localized to being dispersed
,The Four levels of protein structure. What bonding arrangements and/or structures define each
level. - Answer Primary (1º) Structure
sequence of amino acids which comprise the polypeptide chain
formed by covalent peptide bonds between the amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino
acids
Primary structure controls all subsequent levels of protein organisation because it determines
the nature of the interactions between R groups of different amino acids
Secondary (2º) Structure
repeating arrangement to form α-helices and β-pleated sheets
hydrogen bonding between the amine and carboxyl groups of non-adjacent amino acids
Sequences that do not form either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet will exist as a random
coil
Secondary structure provides the polypeptide chain with a level of mechanical stability (due to
the presence of hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary (3º) Structure
polypeptide chain coils and turns to form a complex molecular shape (i.e. the 3D shape →
undergo conformation changes)
interactions between R groups; including H-bonds, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and
hydrophobic interactions
Relative amino acid positions are important (e.g. non-polar amino acids usually avoid exposure
to aqueous solutions)
Tertiary structure may be important for the function of the protein (e.g. specificity of active site
in enzymes)
Quaternary (4º) Structure
Multiple polypeptides or prosthetic groups may interact to form a single, larger, biologically
active protein (quaternary structure)
A prosthetic group is an inorganic compound involved in protein structure or function (e.g. the
heme group in haemoglobin)
A protein containing a prosthetic group is called a conjugated protein
Quaternary structures may be held together by a variety of bonds (similar to tertiary structure)-
proteins after being folded can be denatured (destroys H bonds) interfering with every structure
except for primary
Why we need to eat. - Answer energy (duh)
A well-balanced diet provides all of the: energy you need to keep active throughout the day.
nutrients you need for growth and repair, helping you to stay strong and healthy and help to
prevent diet-related illness, such as some cancers.
, Flow of energy through the biosphere....concept of carbon compounds being reduced or
oxidized....link to autotroph vs heterotrophs...define each of these. - Answer Energy flow
through the biosphere
-Biology is built on molecules that can be reduced (e- accessible to be taken away)
→sugars, fats, amino acids, between CH3OH and CH2O
Most reduced state (CH4) --> highest free energy
Most oxidized state (CO2) --> lowest free energy
*Need energy to move from oxidized to reduced form
CO2:
-Completely oxidized --> energy is unusable
-Why? O2 has a strong affinity for e-
Autotrophs
-consumes CO2
-Uses light (grabs e-) to convert CO2 (most oxidized form) to a more reduced form)
->produce carbohydrates
Heterotrophs
-consume sugars
Autotrophs vs heterotrophs in their matter and energy components
Autotroph
-matter (carbon) -> CO2
-energy (light)
→separate components
Heterotroph
-matter + energy (sugar)
→together, not separate components
With regard to life the concept of: work and breakdown....use of energy brought in from the
environment; maintaining low entropy, how the 2nd law applies to living systems , entropy as
energy spreading or disorder. - Answer Entropy of living cells is kept low - energy is always
being taken in, to replace the things that are breaking down
Cells are "islands" of low entropy
Surroundings are disordered
Questions and All Actual Answers.
Meaning of potential, kinetic, chemical energy and correct examples of each. - Answer
Potential energy- the energy an object has because of its position or chemical structure.
A boulder at the top of a cliff has potential energy because of its position in the gravitational
field of Earth.
Kinetic energy is based on movement
Obvious examples of objects that possess kinetic energy are waves in the ocean, a falling rock, a
kicked football. A less obvious example is the kinetic energy of electricity, which is a flow of
electrons. Photons of light are also a form of kinetic energy. The movement associated with
kinetic energy is of use because it can perform work by making other objects move.
Chemical energy stored in the bonds of molecules (The potential energy possessed by a specific
molecule)
Recall that covalent bonds are an interaction between negatively charged electrons and the
positively charged
nuclei of the atoms in the molecule. As an electron is attracted to and moves closer to one
atomic nucleus, it loses
potential energy. This potential energy is converted to other types of energy such as light or
heat. Conversely, to move
an electron further away from a nucleus requires an input of energy, as the further away from
the nucleus the more
potential energy an electron possesses
Distinction between Closed, Open and Isolated systems - Answer Open - exchange matter
and energy/heat with systems and surroundings
Closed - only exchange energy/heat
Isolated - does not exchange matter or energy/heat with surroundings
Definition and examples of: First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics. -
Answer 1st law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, can only be transferred
2nd Law: The entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
-Entropy of an isolated system always increases (heat flows from hot to cold)
-Energy moved from being localized to being dispersed
,The Four levels of protein structure. What bonding arrangements and/or structures define each
level. - Answer Primary (1º) Structure
sequence of amino acids which comprise the polypeptide chain
formed by covalent peptide bonds between the amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino
acids
Primary structure controls all subsequent levels of protein organisation because it determines
the nature of the interactions between R groups of different amino acids
Secondary (2º) Structure
repeating arrangement to form α-helices and β-pleated sheets
hydrogen bonding between the amine and carboxyl groups of non-adjacent amino acids
Sequences that do not form either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet will exist as a random
coil
Secondary structure provides the polypeptide chain with a level of mechanical stability (due to
the presence of hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary (3º) Structure
polypeptide chain coils and turns to form a complex molecular shape (i.e. the 3D shape →
undergo conformation changes)
interactions between R groups; including H-bonds, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and
hydrophobic interactions
Relative amino acid positions are important (e.g. non-polar amino acids usually avoid exposure
to aqueous solutions)
Tertiary structure may be important for the function of the protein (e.g. specificity of active site
in enzymes)
Quaternary (4º) Structure
Multiple polypeptides or prosthetic groups may interact to form a single, larger, biologically
active protein (quaternary structure)
A prosthetic group is an inorganic compound involved in protein structure or function (e.g. the
heme group in haemoglobin)
A protein containing a prosthetic group is called a conjugated protein
Quaternary structures may be held together by a variety of bonds (similar to tertiary structure)-
proteins after being folded can be denatured (destroys H bonds) interfering with every structure
except for primary
Why we need to eat. - Answer energy (duh)
A well-balanced diet provides all of the: energy you need to keep active throughout the day.
nutrients you need for growth and repair, helping you to stay strong and healthy and help to
prevent diet-related illness, such as some cancers.
, Flow of energy through the biosphere....concept of carbon compounds being reduced or
oxidized....link to autotroph vs heterotrophs...define each of these. - Answer Energy flow
through the biosphere
-Biology is built on molecules that can be reduced (e- accessible to be taken away)
→sugars, fats, amino acids, between CH3OH and CH2O
Most reduced state (CH4) --> highest free energy
Most oxidized state (CO2) --> lowest free energy
*Need energy to move from oxidized to reduced form
CO2:
-Completely oxidized --> energy is unusable
-Why? O2 has a strong affinity for e-
Autotrophs
-consumes CO2
-Uses light (grabs e-) to convert CO2 (most oxidized form) to a more reduced form)
->produce carbohydrates
Heterotrophs
-consume sugars
Autotrophs vs heterotrophs in their matter and energy components
Autotroph
-matter (carbon) -> CO2
-energy (light)
→separate components
Heterotroph
-matter + energy (sugar)
→together, not separate components
With regard to life the concept of: work and breakdown....use of energy brought in from the
environment; maintaining low entropy, how the 2nd law applies to living systems , entropy as
energy spreading or disorder. - Answer Entropy of living cells is kept low - energy is always
being taken in, to replace the things that are breaking down
Cells are "islands" of low entropy
Surroundings are disordered
