NUR 376 EXAM 2 2026 LATEST QUESTION
AND ANSWER| (CONCORDIA ST. PAUL)
REAL SPRING-SUMMER SEMESTER EXAM
what bacteria is the most common cause of CAP?
streptococcus pneumoniae
aka pneumococcus
what bacteria is the most common cause of HAP?
staphylococcus
more specifically: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
staphylococcus can cause pneumonia via...
the bloodstream
what bacteria is the most common cause of VAP?
enterococcus
more specifically: vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
legionella causes _____ that is spread ____ such as _____
a unique kind of pneumonia; via water systems; air conditioning, mists sprayed on grocery
stores, and hot tubs
legionella pneumonia usually affects...
small clusters of individuals living together in hotels, dorms, or cruise ships
what bacteria-like organism causes walking pneumonia?
mycoplasma
walking pneumonia is ____ where the patient may not _____ but _____ is often present
mild pneumonia; appear ill; persistent cough, headache, and earache
,major risk factor for pneumonia
influenza infection
left bronchus shape
curved
right bronchus shape
vertical/straight
wider
the shape of the right bronchus increases _____ because _____
susceptibility of aspiration; it is a straight path donward into the right lung
oxygen combines with ____ of _____ to form _____
the heme portion; hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
the most important function of hemoglobin:
combine with oxygen in the lungs
AND
release oxygen to the peripheral tissues
hemoglobin collects _____ from _____ and carries it back to the lungs to be _____
carbon dioxide; peripheral tissues; excreted
the volume of oxygen dissolved in plasma varies directly with...
the partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries
as the partial pressure of oxygen increases...
so does the saturation of oxygen bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin %)
if the pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Pao2) stays within 90-100 mmHg...
hemoglobin remains maximally saturated with oxygen
,AND
tissues remain oxygenated
when Pao2 falls below 60 mmHg, _____ begins to ____ leading to _____
hemoglobin; drop oxygen molecules; tissue hypoxia
to ensure optimal tissue oxygenation, hemoglobin needs to be _____ with a _____ of _____
fully saturated; Pao2; at least 90 mmHg
erythropoietin
stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin is secreted by the _____ in response to _____
kidneys; low oxygen levels in the blood stream
what nerve controls the diaphragm
phrenic
the phrenic nerve originates at _____ and innervates at _____
C4; the diaphragm
a spinal cord injury at or above C4 causes _____ and _____ is needed
respirations to stop; rescue breathing or mechanical support
ventilation
process of inspiration and expiration of air through the pulmonary airways
at high altitudes, there is _____ and _____ which causes ____
low atmospheric pressure; oxygen content; an increase in rate and depths of respirations
perfusion eventually provides...
oxygen to every part of the body
, perfusion
movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation
ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio)
the ratio of air reaching alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli
ideal V-Q ratio
when ventilation and perfusion are equal or match
shunt
an area with no ventilation
dead space
an area with no perfusion
shunt and dead space occur with...
ventilation-perfusion imbalances
(unequal V-Q ratio)
hypoxia stimulates _____ to _____
pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction; redistribute blood to better ventilated areas of the lung
chronic hypoxia can cause _____ which can result in _____
chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction; pulmonary hypertension
_____ located in the _____ sense changes in CO2 and blood pH causing _____
central chemoreceptors; medulla; alterations in the rate and depth of respirations
hypercapnia (high CO2) stimulates _____
increased rate of respirations
acidosis (low pH) stimulates _____
increased rate of respirations
AND ANSWER| (CONCORDIA ST. PAUL)
REAL SPRING-SUMMER SEMESTER EXAM
what bacteria is the most common cause of CAP?
streptococcus pneumoniae
aka pneumococcus
what bacteria is the most common cause of HAP?
staphylococcus
more specifically: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
staphylococcus can cause pneumonia via...
the bloodstream
what bacteria is the most common cause of VAP?
enterococcus
more specifically: vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
legionella causes _____ that is spread ____ such as _____
a unique kind of pneumonia; via water systems; air conditioning, mists sprayed on grocery
stores, and hot tubs
legionella pneumonia usually affects...
small clusters of individuals living together in hotels, dorms, or cruise ships
what bacteria-like organism causes walking pneumonia?
mycoplasma
walking pneumonia is ____ where the patient may not _____ but _____ is often present
mild pneumonia; appear ill; persistent cough, headache, and earache
,major risk factor for pneumonia
influenza infection
left bronchus shape
curved
right bronchus shape
vertical/straight
wider
the shape of the right bronchus increases _____ because _____
susceptibility of aspiration; it is a straight path donward into the right lung
oxygen combines with ____ of _____ to form _____
the heme portion; hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
the most important function of hemoglobin:
combine with oxygen in the lungs
AND
release oxygen to the peripheral tissues
hemoglobin collects _____ from _____ and carries it back to the lungs to be _____
carbon dioxide; peripheral tissues; excreted
the volume of oxygen dissolved in plasma varies directly with...
the partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries
as the partial pressure of oxygen increases...
so does the saturation of oxygen bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin %)
if the pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Pao2) stays within 90-100 mmHg...
hemoglobin remains maximally saturated with oxygen
,AND
tissues remain oxygenated
when Pao2 falls below 60 mmHg, _____ begins to ____ leading to _____
hemoglobin; drop oxygen molecules; tissue hypoxia
to ensure optimal tissue oxygenation, hemoglobin needs to be _____ with a _____ of _____
fully saturated; Pao2; at least 90 mmHg
erythropoietin
stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin is secreted by the _____ in response to _____
kidneys; low oxygen levels in the blood stream
what nerve controls the diaphragm
phrenic
the phrenic nerve originates at _____ and innervates at _____
C4; the diaphragm
a spinal cord injury at or above C4 causes _____ and _____ is needed
respirations to stop; rescue breathing or mechanical support
ventilation
process of inspiration and expiration of air through the pulmonary airways
at high altitudes, there is _____ and _____ which causes ____
low atmospheric pressure; oxygen content; an increase in rate and depths of respirations
perfusion eventually provides...
oxygen to every part of the body
, perfusion
movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation
ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio)
the ratio of air reaching alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli
ideal V-Q ratio
when ventilation and perfusion are equal or match
shunt
an area with no ventilation
dead space
an area with no perfusion
shunt and dead space occur with...
ventilation-perfusion imbalances
(unequal V-Q ratio)
hypoxia stimulates _____ to _____
pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction; redistribute blood to better ventilated areas of the lung
chronic hypoxia can cause _____ which can result in _____
chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction; pulmonary hypertension
_____ located in the _____ sense changes in CO2 and blood pH causing _____
central chemoreceptors; medulla; alterations in the rate and depth of respirations
hypercapnia (high CO2) stimulates _____
increased rate of respirations
acidosis (low pH) stimulates _____
increased rate of respirations
