GMS 6121 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
▶ what hormone does the kidney produce. Answer: erythropoietin, which
produces red blood cells
▶ what happens in renal failure. Answer: erythropoietin not produced, so
lower RBC count
▶ what are the major organs of the endocrine system. Answer: pituitary
gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads
▶ what are the major functions of the endocrine system. Answer: direct
long-term changes in other organ systems
adjust metabolic activities & energy use
control structural/functional changes during development
▶ what hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. Answer: growth
hormone
stimulates growth
affects liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
▶ what hormone is produced in the thyroid gland. Answer: thyroid
hormone
maintains metabolism, regulates BP, promotes normal development
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced by the adrenal gland. Answer: cortisol
resists stress, mobilizes fat for energy, depresses inflammatory response
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the pancreas. Answer: insulin
,lowers blood sugar levels, absorbs glucose for storage
produced by beta cells
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the stomach. Answer: gastrin
secreted in response to food, stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to
break down food
affects stomach
▶ what hormone is produced in the kidney. Answer: erythropoietin
produces RBCs
affects bone marrow
▶ what hormone is produced in adipose tissue. Answer: leptin
suppresses appetite
affects the brain
▶ what are the major organs of the nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
▶ what are the major functions of the nervous system. Answer: provide
and interpret sensory info about external stimuli (input)
coordinate/moderate activities of organs (Integrate)
direct immediate responses to stimuli (response)
▶ where are neurotransmitters produced. Answer: nissil bodies
▶ what are the major organs in the female reproductive system. Answer:
ovaries
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
▶ what are the major functions of the female reproductive system. Answer:
produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
support developing embryo
provide milk to nourish infant
, ▶ what is the first step of the menstruation cycle. Answer: ovulation
14 days
LH levels rise
single egg released
egg travels to uterine cavity
unfertilized egg discharged
▶ what is the second step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: fertilization
occurs in uterine tube
forms an embryo
implants into lining of uterus (endometrium)
▶ what is the third step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: menstruation
cells lining uterus detach
blood/tissue discharged thru vagina
lasts for about 5 days
marks BEGINNING of menstrual cycle
▶ what does hCG hormone stand for. Answer: human chorionic
gonadotrophin
▶ first trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 0-3 months
0-12 weeks
▶ second trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 4-6 months
13-24 weeks
▶ third trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 7-9 months
25-40 weeks
▶ how much does the mother's blood volume change during pregnancy.
Answer: increases by 25-40% to carry more nutrients
▶ what major electrolytes are INSIDE the cell. Answer: potassium
anions
▶ what major electrolytes are OUTSIDE the cell. Answer: sodium
chloride
bicarbonate
AND COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
▶ what hormone does the kidney produce. Answer: erythropoietin, which
produces red blood cells
▶ what happens in renal failure. Answer: erythropoietin not produced, so
lower RBC count
▶ what are the major organs of the endocrine system. Answer: pituitary
gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads
▶ what are the major functions of the endocrine system. Answer: direct
long-term changes in other organ systems
adjust metabolic activities & energy use
control structural/functional changes during development
▶ what hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. Answer: growth
hormone
stimulates growth
affects liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
▶ what hormone is produced in the thyroid gland. Answer: thyroid
hormone
maintains metabolism, regulates BP, promotes normal development
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced by the adrenal gland. Answer: cortisol
resists stress, mobilizes fat for energy, depresses inflammatory response
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the pancreas. Answer: insulin
,lowers blood sugar levels, absorbs glucose for storage
produced by beta cells
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the stomach. Answer: gastrin
secreted in response to food, stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to
break down food
affects stomach
▶ what hormone is produced in the kidney. Answer: erythropoietin
produces RBCs
affects bone marrow
▶ what hormone is produced in adipose tissue. Answer: leptin
suppresses appetite
affects the brain
▶ what are the major organs of the nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
▶ what are the major functions of the nervous system. Answer: provide
and interpret sensory info about external stimuli (input)
coordinate/moderate activities of organs (Integrate)
direct immediate responses to stimuli (response)
▶ where are neurotransmitters produced. Answer: nissil bodies
▶ what are the major organs in the female reproductive system. Answer:
ovaries
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
▶ what are the major functions of the female reproductive system. Answer:
produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
support developing embryo
provide milk to nourish infant
, ▶ what is the first step of the menstruation cycle. Answer: ovulation
14 days
LH levels rise
single egg released
egg travels to uterine cavity
unfertilized egg discharged
▶ what is the second step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: fertilization
occurs in uterine tube
forms an embryo
implants into lining of uterus (endometrium)
▶ what is the third step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: menstruation
cells lining uterus detach
blood/tissue discharged thru vagina
lasts for about 5 days
marks BEGINNING of menstrual cycle
▶ what does hCG hormone stand for. Answer: human chorionic
gonadotrophin
▶ first trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 0-3 months
0-12 weeks
▶ second trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 4-6 months
13-24 weeks
▶ third trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 7-9 months
25-40 weeks
▶ how much does the mother's blood volume change during pregnancy.
Answer: increases by 25-40% to carry more nutrients
▶ what major electrolytes are INSIDE the cell. Answer: potassium
anions
▶ what major electrolytes are OUTSIDE the cell. Answer: sodium
chloride
bicarbonate
