GMS 6121 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ third trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 7-9 months
25-40 weeks
▶ how much does the mother's blood volume change during pregnancy.
Answer: increases by 25-40% to carry more nutrients
▶ what major electrolytes are INSIDE the cell. Answer: potassium
anions
▶ what major electrolytes are OUTSIDE the cell. Answer: sodium
chloride
bicarbonate
▶ simple passive diffusion. Answer: from high to low concentration
no ATP required
oxygen, CO2, hydrophobic molecules
small, uncharged molecules
▶ what are the different ion channel types. Answer: ligand-gated
voltage-gated
leak
stretch activated (continuously open)
▶ facilitated transport. Answer: high to low concentration
selective for specific molecules
can go into and out of cell
▶ primary active transport pump. Answer: Na+/K+ ATPase
requires ATP to activate pump
against concentration gradient
3 sodium leave cell
2 potassium enter cell
produce solute gradients for:
,bioelectricity
secondary active transport
▶ secondary active transport. Answer: requires 2 transporters
indirectly powered by ATP
movement of 1 molecule based on movement of another molecule
use Na/K ATPase as primary transporter
Na/glucose is second transporter
1 sodium moves back into cell with 1 glucose molecule
▶ pump-leak model. Answer: simultaneous and independent events
Na/K ATPase pump (low to high)
K leak channel (high to low)
▶ electrical chemical gradient. Answer: when K+ leaks out of cell, leaves
behind - charged anion
cell inside is more negative
creates electrical gradient to pull K+ back inside cell
▶ what controls the electrochemical equilibrium potential in the cell?.
Answer: concentration gradient of the single ion
permeability of membrane
▶ what ion contributes the most to the resting membrane potential.
Answer: K+
gets resting membrane potential to about -90 mV
▶ what is the cell's resting membrane potential. Answer: -90 mV
▶ metabolic acidosis. Answer: can result in hyperkalemia
pH drop
H+ ions pumping into cell
K+ leaves cell, more in extracellular fluid
consequences:
disturbs heart (arrhythmias)
treatment:
enhance Na/K ATPase to take in more K+ in cell, insulin injection
▶ rhabdomyolysis. Answer: muscle crush leads to cardiac cell electrical
imbalance
, crush releases K+ into plasma
hyperkalemia
excess K+ goes thru leaky channel into cardiac cells
cardiac cell potential less negative (depolarized)
leads to cardiac arrhythmias
▶ what percent of the total body weight is water. Answer: 60%
▶ what % of the body weight is extracellular fluid. Answer: 20%
▶ what % if the body weight is intracellular fluid. Answer: 40%
▶ what percent of the body weight is interstitial fluid. Answer: 3/4 of ECF
▶ what % of the body weight is plasma. Answer: 4-5%
1/4 of ECF
▶ what are the components of the blood. Answer: hematocrit is 45%
plasma is 55%
▶ what % of the body weight is blood volume. Answer: 8%
▶ what are the main body fluid compartments. Answer: intracellular
extracellular
▶ what are the components of the extracellular fluid. Answer: interstitial
(between cells)
plasma (in blood)
▶ what is the plasma membrane. Answer: between intra and extracellular
compartments
complex lipid bilayer
has transporters, carriers, pores
▶ what molecule is able to move freely between all compartments
(intracellular, interstitial, and plasma). Answer: water
▶ what is the dilution principle. Answer: an exact quantity of a soluble
substance is dissolved in an unknown volume of water, after equilibration,
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ third trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 7-9 months
25-40 weeks
▶ how much does the mother's blood volume change during pregnancy.
Answer: increases by 25-40% to carry more nutrients
▶ what major electrolytes are INSIDE the cell. Answer: potassium
anions
▶ what major electrolytes are OUTSIDE the cell. Answer: sodium
chloride
bicarbonate
▶ simple passive diffusion. Answer: from high to low concentration
no ATP required
oxygen, CO2, hydrophobic molecules
small, uncharged molecules
▶ what are the different ion channel types. Answer: ligand-gated
voltage-gated
leak
stretch activated (continuously open)
▶ facilitated transport. Answer: high to low concentration
selective for specific molecules
can go into and out of cell
▶ primary active transport pump. Answer: Na+/K+ ATPase
requires ATP to activate pump
against concentration gradient
3 sodium leave cell
2 potassium enter cell
produce solute gradients for:
,bioelectricity
secondary active transport
▶ secondary active transport. Answer: requires 2 transporters
indirectly powered by ATP
movement of 1 molecule based on movement of another molecule
use Na/K ATPase as primary transporter
Na/glucose is second transporter
1 sodium moves back into cell with 1 glucose molecule
▶ pump-leak model. Answer: simultaneous and independent events
Na/K ATPase pump (low to high)
K leak channel (high to low)
▶ electrical chemical gradient. Answer: when K+ leaks out of cell, leaves
behind - charged anion
cell inside is more negative
creates electrical gradient to pull K+ back inside cell
▶ what controls the electrochemical equilibrium potential in the cell?.
Answer: concentration gradient of the single ion
permeability of membrane
▶ what ion contributes the most to the resting membrane potential.
Answer: K+
gets resting membrane potential to about -90 mV
▶ what is the cell's resting membrane potential. Answer: -90 mV
▶ metabolic acidosis. Answer: can result in hyperkalemia
pH drop
H+ ions pumping into cell
K+ leaves cell, more in extracellular fluid
consequences:
disturbs heart (arrhythmias)
treatment:
enhance Na/K ATPase to take in more K+ in cell, insulin injection
▶ rhabdomyolysis. Answer: muscle crush leads to cardiac cell electrical
imbalance
, crush releases K+ into plasma
hyperkalemia
excess K+ goes thru leaky channel into cardiac cells
cardiac cell potential less negative (depolarized)
leads to cardiac arrhythmias
▶ what percent of the total body weight is water. Answer: 60%
▶ what % of the body weight is extracellular fluid. Answer: 20%
▶ what % if the body weight is intracellular fluid. Answer: 40%
▶ what percent of the body weight is interstitial fluid. Answer: 3/4 of ECF
▶ what % of the body weight is plasma. Answer: 4-5%
1/4 of ECF
▶ what are the components of the blood. Answer: hematocrit is 45%
plasma is 55%
▶ what % of the body weight is blood volume. Answer: 8%
▶ what are the main body fluid compartments. Answer: intracellular
extracellular
▶ what are the components of the extracellular fluid. Answer: interstitial
(between cells)
plasma (in blood)
▶ what is the plasma membrane. Answer: between intra and extracellular
compartments
complex lipid bilayer
has transporters, carriers, pores
▶ what molecule is able to move freely between all compartments
(intracellular, interstitial, and plasma). Answer: water
▶ what is the dilution principle. Answer: an exact quantity of a soluble
substance is dissolved in an unknown volume of water, after equilibration,
