GMS 6121 LATEST EXAM PREP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PDF 2026
▶ what hormone is produced in the kidney. Answer: erythropoietin
produces RBCs
affects bone marrow
▶ what hormone is produced in adipose tissue. Answer: leptin
suppresses appetite
affects the brain
▶ what are the major organs of the nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
▶ what are the major functions of the nervous system. Answer: provide
and interpret sensory info about external stimuli (input)
coordinate/moderate activities of organs (Integrate)
direct immediate responses to stimuli (response)
▶ where are neurotransmitters produced. Answer: nissil bodies
▶ what are the major organs in the female reproductive system. Answer:
ovaries
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
▶ what are the major functions of the female reproductive system. Answer:
produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
support developing embryo
provide milk to nourish infant
▶ what is the first step of the menstruation cycle. Answer: ovulation
14 days
,LH levels rise
single egg released
egg travels to uterine cavity
unfertilized egg discharged
▶ what is the second step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: fertilization
occurs in uterine tube
forms an embryo
implants into lining of uterus (endometrium)
▶ what is the third step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: menstruation
cells lining uterus detach
blood/tissue discharged thru vagina
lasts for about 5 days
marks BEGINNING of menstrual cycle
▶ what does hCG hormone stand for. Answer: human chorionic
gonadotrophin
▶ first trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 0-3 months
0-12 weeks
▶ second trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 4-6 months
13-24 weeks
▶ third trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 7-9 months
25-40 weeks
▶ how much does the mother's blood volume change during pregnancy.
Answer: increases by 25-40% to carry more nutrients
▶ what major electrolytes are INSIDE the cell. Answer: potassium
anions
▶ what major electrolytes are OUTSIDE the cell. Answer: sodium
chloride
bicarbonate
▶ simple passive diffusion. Answer: from high to low concentration
no ATP required
, oxygen, CO2, hydrophobic molecules
small, uncharged molecules
▶ what are the different ion channel types. Answer: ligand-gated
voltage-gated
leak
stretch activated (continuously open)
▶ facilitated transport. Answer: high to low concentration
selective for specific molecules
can go into and out of cell
▶ primary active transport pump. Answer: Na+/K+ ATPase
requires ATP to activate pump
against concentration gradient
3 sodium leave cell
2 potassium enter cell
produce solute gradients for:
bioelectricity
secondary active transport
▶ secondary active transport. Answer: requires 2 transporters
indirectly powered by ATP
movement of 1 molecule based on movement of another molecule
use Na/K ATPase as primary transporter
Na/glucose is second transporter
1 sodium moves back into cell with 1 glucose molecule
▶ pump-leak model. Answer: simultaneous and independent events
Na/K ATPase pump (low to high)
K leak channel (high to low)
▶ electrical chemical gradient. Answer: when K+ leaks out of cell, leaves
behind - charged anion
cell inside is more negative
creates electrical gradient to pull K+ back inside cell
▶ what controls the electrochemical equilibrium potential in the cell?.
Answer: concentration gradient of the single ion
permeability of membrane
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PDF 2026
▶ what hormone is produced in the kidney. Answer: erythropoietin
produces RBCs
affects bone marrow
▶ what hormone is produced in adipose tissue. Answer: leptin
suppresses appetite
affects the brain
▶ what are the major organs of the nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
▶ what are the major functions of the nervous system. Answer: provide
and interpret sensory info about external stimuli (input)
coordinate/moderate activities of organs (Integrate)
direct immediate responses to stimuli (response)
▶ where are neurotransmitters produced. Answer: nissil bodies
▶ what are the major organs in the female reproductive system. Answer:
ovaries
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
▶ what are the major functions of the female reproductive system. Answer:
produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
support developing embryo
provide milk to nourish infant
▶ what is the first step of the menstruation cycle. Answer: ovulation
14 days
,LH levels rise
single egg released
egg travels to uterine cavity
unfertilized egg discharged
▶ what is the second step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: fertilization
occurs in uterine tube
forms an embryo
implants into lining of uterus (endometrium)
▶ what is the third step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: menstruation
cells lining uterus detach
blood/tissue discharged thru vagina
lasts for about 5 days
marks BEGINNING of menstrual cycle
▶ what does hCG hormone stand for. Answer: human chorionic
gonadotrophin
▶ first trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 0-3 months
0-12 weeks
▶ second trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 4-6 months
13-24 weeks
▶ third trimester of pregnancy. Answer: 7-9 months
25-40 weeks
▶ how much does the mother's blood volume change during pregnancy.
Answer: increases by 25-40% to carry more nutrients
▶ what major electrolytes are INSIDE the cell. Answer: potassium
anions
▶ what major electrolytes are OUTSIDE the cell. Answer: sodium
chloride
bicarbonate
▶ simple passive diffusion. Answer: from high to low concentration
no ATP required
, oxygen, CO2, hydrophobic molecules
small, uncharged molecules
▶ what are the different ion channel types. Answer: ligand-gated
voltage-gated
leak
stretch activated (continuously open)
▶ facilitated transport. Answer: high to low concentration
selective for specific molecules
can go into and out of cell
▶ primary active transport pump. Answer: Na+/K+ ATPase
requires ATP to activate pump
against concentration gradient
3 sodium leave cell
2 potassium enter cell
produce solute gradients for:
bioelectricity
secondary active transport
▶ secondary active transport. Answer: requires 2 transporters
indirectly powered by ATP
movement of 1 molecule based on movement of another molecule
use Na/K ATPase as primary transporter
Na/glucose is second transporter
1 sodium moves back into cell with 1 glucose molecule
▶ pump-leak model. Answer: simultaneous and independent events
Na/K ATPase pump (low to high)
K leak channel (high to low)
▶ electrical chemical gradient. Answer: when K+ leaks out of cell, leaves
behind - charged anion
cell inside is more negative
creates electrical gradient to pull K+ back inside cell
▶ what controls the electrochemical equilibrium potential in the cell?.
Answer: concentration gradient of the single ion
permeability of membrane
