HS 2610-Practice Exam with Complete
Answers (2025-2026) Updated.
Fact (Description) - Answer The highest form of knowledge related to evidence (Must be
stated/proven many times)
Value (Normativity) - Answer What should or should not be done (Not necessarily fact -
appropriate response)
Description - Answer Context into the situation (Ethical judgements rely on evidence)
Pyramid - Answer Different values of studies - top= trends/outcomes in all studies - help
determine if something is true
Fallacy - Answer Idea which many people believe to be true but is false because its based on
incorrect information and reasoning
Appeal to popularity - Answer Everyone believes something so it is true (e.g women could
not vote - everyone thought this so it must be true)
Personal Anecdotes - Answer Personal experiences are not proof of anything (must look at
things analytically)
Ad Hominem Attack - Answer Rebutting arguments with calling names/making fun (fallacies)
False Dichotomy - Answer All this/that but nothing in between (e.g Abortion - must be either
for or against)
Genetic Fallacy - Answer Defense fixed on who someone is/ where they are from
Requirements for Ethical Theory - Answer 1. Epistemological Requirements
- Accountable to evidence (falsifiable or verifiable)
2. Logical Requirements
- Consistent
3. Practical Requirements
- Ought implies can (Can't say stop breathing)
, Meta Ethics - Answer Pure Theory about right/wrong - e.g Realism vs Anti Realism
Ethics - Answer Deciding what is right/wrong in situations
Ethical/Unethical - Answer The judgement about an action/thought
Non Ethical - Answer Unjustifiefd/unexplainable views (no justification)
Morality - Answer The public opinion about ethical Issues
Could to Should Fallacy - Answer Just because you can do something doesn't mean you
should do something (or that there would be no consequence)
Statements of Value - Answer Cannot be verified, come with statements of truth or falsity
("JB is best musician", cannot say that is false)
Two Varieties of Statements of Value - Answer 1. Aesthetic (has to do with senses)
2. Moral
Descriptive Ethics - Answer Describing ethical behaviour
Prescriptive Ethics - Answer Prescribing behaviour, what as a matter of obligation we morally
ought to do (what should/should not occur)
Ethical Objectivism (branch of realism) - Answer 1. Right and Wrong are objective
phenomena
2. There are "moral facts"
3. Ethics are "objective in nature"
- there are moral right/wrong depending on the moral facts (opinion doesn't matter)
Reasoning in Ethical Objectivism, we can.. - Answer 1. Know them
2. Speak meaningful about them (explain how they are supported by evidence)
3. Reason about them (logical arguments)
4. Resolve disagreements by appeal to them
Tenets of Objectivism - Answer Cognivist, Rationalist, Absolutist, Naturalism, Non-Naturalism
Answers (2025-2026) Updated.
Fact (Description) - Answer The highest form of knowledge related to evidence (Must be
stated/proven many times)
Value (Normativity) - Answer What should or should not be done (Not necessarily fact -
appropriate response)
Description - Answer Context into the situation (Ethical judgements rely on evidence)
Pyramid - Answer Different values of studies - top= trends/outcomes in all studies - help
determine if something is true
Fallacy - Answer Idea which many people believe to be true but is false because its based on
incorrect information and reasoning
Appeal to popularity - Answer Everyone believes something so it is true (e.g women could
not vote - everyone thought this so it must be true)
Personal Anecdotes - Answer Personal experiences are not proof of anything (must look at
things analytically)
Ad Hominem Attack - Answer Rebutting arguments with calling names/making fun (fallacies)
False Dichotomy - Answer All this/that but nothing in between (e.g Abortion - must be either
for or against)
Genetic Fallacy - Answer Defense fixed on who someone is/ where they are from
Requirements for Ethical Theory - Answer 1. Epistemological Requirements
- Accountable to evidence (falsifiable or verifiable)
2. Logical Requirements
- Consistent
3. Practical Requirements
- Ought implies can (Can't say stop breathing)
, Meta Ethics - Answer Pure Theory about right/wrong - e.g Realism vs Anti Realism
Ethics - Answer Deciding what is right/wrong in situations
Ethical/Unethical - Answer The judgement about an action/thought
Non Ethical - Answer Unjustifiefd/unexplainable views (no justification)
Morality - Answer The public opinion about ethical Issues
Could to Should Fallacy - Answer Just because you can do something doesn't mean you
should do something (or that there would be no consequence)
Statements of Value - Answer Cannot be verified, come with statements of truth or falsity
("JB is best musician", cannot say that is false)
Two Varieties of Statements of Value - Answer 1. Aesthetic (has to do with senses)
2. Moral
Descriptive Ethics - Answer Describing ethical behaviour
Prescriptive Ethics - Answer Prescribing behaviour, what as a matter of obligation we morally
ought to do (what should/should not occur)
Ethical Objectivism (branch of realism) - Answer 1. Right and Wrong are objective
phenomena
2. There are "moral facts"
3. Ethics are "objective in nature"
- there are moral right/wrong depending on the moral facts (opinion doesn't matter)
Reasoning in Ethical Objectivism, we can.. - Answer 1. Know them
2. Speak meaningful about them (explain how they are supported by evidence)
3. Reason about them (logical arguments)
4. Resolve disagreements by appeal to them
Tenets of Objectivism - Answer Cognivist, Rationalist, Absolutist, Naturalism, Non-Naturalism
