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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507 FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWER S) VERIFIED AND GRADED A+

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507 FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWER S) VERIFIED AND GRADED A+

Institution
Advanced Pathophysiology
Course
Advanced pathophysiology

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507
FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWER S) 2026\2027
VERIFIED AND GRADED A+

Fat Soluble Hormones - Correct answer
e. e. e. e. e. e . Steroids

Water Soluble Hormones - Correct answer Need 2nd
e. e. e. e. e. e . e.


Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
e. e. e. e. e. e.




Pituitary Hormones - Correct answer TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
e. e. e. e. e . e. e. e. e.


Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
e. e. e. e. e.




Anterior Pituitary - Correct answer Acct for 75% of total
e. e. e. e. e . e. e. e. e.


weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.




Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - Correct answer Arises
e. e. e. e. e. e.


from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


hypothalamus.
e.




Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's e. e. e. e. e.


median eminence. - Correct answer Includes 10
e. e. e. e. e. e . e.


hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such
e. e. e. e. e. e.


as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and
e. e. e. e. e. e.


histamine.
e.




Pituitary stalk - Correct answer contains axons of neurons that
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


hypothalamus.
e.

,Hormones of posterior pituitary - Correct answer ADH, and
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
e. e. e.




ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - Correct answer Major homeostatic
e. e. e. e. e. e . e.


function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


regulated by ADH
e. e. e.




Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
e. e. e. e. e.


hormones) - Correct answer HORMONES: Thyrotropin
e. e. e. e. e. e.


Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
e. e. e. e. e.


(GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone
e. e. e. e. e.


(GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
e. e. e. e.


Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
e. e. e. e.


TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
e. e. e. e.




Somatostatin - Correct answer e. e. e. e . Inhibits release of growth e. e. e.


hormone and TSH
e. e. e.




Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - Correct answer Stimulates e. e. e. e. e.


release of FSH and LH
e. e. e. e. e.




Dopamine - Correct answer e. e. e. e . Inhibits synthesis and secretion of e. e. e. e.


prolactin
e.




Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - Correct answer Stimulate e. e. e. e. e. e.


secretion of prolactin
e. e. e.




Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function -
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


Correct answer ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone
e. e. e. e. e.


(MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


glycoprotein hormones
e. e.




Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Correct answer e. e. e. e. e.


SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic e. e. e.

,TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
e. e. e. e.


FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and
e. e. e. e. e.


androgenic hormones
e. e.




Prolactin, - Correct answer
e. e. e. e . Milk production
e.




TSH - Correct answer
e. e. e. e . Increased production and secretion of e. e. e. e.


thyroid hormone
e. e.




Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Correct answer Ovulation,
e. e. e. e. e. e.


progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
e. e. e. e. e.




Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Correct answer Follicle
e. e. e. e. e. e. e .


maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


Men: Sertoli Cells)
e. e. e.




B-Lipotropin - Correct answer Fat breakdown and release of
e. e. e. e . e. e. e. e.


fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
e. e. e. e. e. e.




B-Endorphins - Correct answer Analgesia; may regulate e. e. e. e. e. e.


body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


cells, brain opioid receptors)
e. e. e. e.




ADH functions - Correct answer Homeostasis, control plasma
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


water reabsorption into the blood and production of more
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia,
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
e. e. e. e.




Osmoreceptors - Correct answer e. e. e.




High levels of ADH - Correct answer
e. e. e. e. e. e. e . Acts on Vasopressin 1
e. e. e.


receptors causing vasoconstriction
e. e. e.

, ADH secretion is controlled by: - Correct answer osmoreceptors
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption.
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


Electrolytes may decrease.
e. e. e.


ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.




ADH secretion decreased with: - Correct answer Decrease in
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume,
e. e. e. e. e. e.


hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


levels, and alcohol ingestion
e. e. e. e.




ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Correct answer
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


during shock states.
e. e. e.




Oxytocin - Correct answer Responsible for contraction of
e. e. e. e . e. e. e.


uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
e. e. e. e. e. e. e.




Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Correct answer ACTH, MSH,
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
e. e. e. e. e.




Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Correct
e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


answer Chromophobes, and chromophils
e. e. e. e.


Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are e. e. e. e. e. e. e.


secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.
e. e. e. e. e.

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