Developmental e.Psychology
Module e.1
Introduction e.to e.Developmental e.Psychology
-also e.known e.as e.the e.human e.development e.or e.lifespan e.development
-study e.of e.how e.people e.change e.from e.conception e.to e.death
Lifespan e.perspective
- Development e.is e.lifelong: e.change e.is e.forever
- Development e.is e.multidirectional: e.people e.change e.in e.different e.directions, e.gains e.on e.some e.areas e.and
e.losses e.on e.others.
- Development e.is e.multidimensional: e.we e.change e.in e.different e.aspects, e.physical, e.cognitive e.and e.psychosocial
- Development e.is e.multidisciplinary: e.human e.development e.is e.vast e.that e.it e.requires e.theories e.and
e.researches e.of e.different e.disciplines.
- Development e.is e.multicontextual: e.development e.occurs e.in e.many e.context
*Normative e.age-graded e.influences: e.age e.graded, e.specific e.age e.group, e.such e.as e.toddler, e.adolescent, e.or
e.geriatric.
*Normative e.history: e.graded e.influence
*Cohort: e.people e.born e.in e.a e.specific e.period e.of e.time
Generation Time e.Period
Silent e.Generation 1928-1945
Baby e.Boomers 1946-1964
Gen e.X 1965-1980
Millennials 1981-1996
Gen e.Z 1997-2012
*Non-Normative e.life e.influence: e.different e.shapes e.of e.development e.(child e.who e.loss e.parent e.in e.early e.age e.has
e.different e.development e.compared e.to e.grew e.with e.a e.parent)
*Socioeconomic e.Status e.SES: e.way e.to e.identify e.family e.or e.household e.based e.on e.their e.shared e.education,
e. income e. and e.occupation.
*Poverty e.level: e.an e.income e.amount e.established e.by e.the e.government e.to e.set e.the e.base e.of e.income e.threshold
e.that e.vary e. from e. family e.size
*Ethnocentrism: e.belief e.that e.our e.own e.culture e.is e.superior
*Cultural e.relativity: e.an e.appreciation e.of e.cultural e.differences e.and e.understanding e.cultural e.practices.
Lifespan: e.longevity, e.the e.length e.of e.time e.a e.specie e.exists
Life e.expectancy: e.the e.predicted e.number e.of e.years e.an e.individual e.will e.live.
,Developmental e.Psychology
Conception e.Age
Chronological e.Age e.- e.based e.on e.the e.number e.of e.years e.since e.your e.birth
Biological e.Age e.- e.How e.quickly e.your e.body e.aged
e.
Psychological e.age e.- e.the e.psychologically e.adaptive e.capacity e.compared e.to e.others.
Social e.age e.- e.based e.on e.the e.social e.norms e.of e.our e.culture e.and e.the e.culture’s e.expectation e.for e.the e.age e.group
Age e.Period Description
Prenatal Conception e.to e.birth
Infancy e.and e.Toddlerhood Birth e.to e.2 e.years e.old
Early e.Childhood 2-6 e.years e.old
Middle e.and e.Late e.Childhood 6 e.years e.old e.to e.onset e.of e.puberty
Adolescence Onset e.of e.puberty e.to e.18 e.years e.old
Emerging e.Adulthood 18-25 e.years e.old
Early e.Adulthood 25 e.to e.40-45 e.years e.old
Middle e.Adulthood 40-45 e.years e.old e.to e.65 e.years e.old
Late e.Adulthood 65 e.years e.old e.and e.onwards
Prenatal e.Development
- conception e.occurs e.and e.development e.begins. e.All e.major e.body e.parts e.are e.forming e.and e.mother’s e.health e.is
e.a e. big e. concern, e.understanding e.the e. health, e.teratogen e.or
environmental e.factors e.that e.can e.lead e.to e.birth e.defects.
Infancy e.and e.Toddlerhood
- dramatic e.growth e.and e.change, e.during e.this e.time e.children e.learn e.develop e.their e.walking, e.and e.talking.
e . Usually e.at e.this e.time e.they e.are e.assisted e. by e.the e. mother e.and e.or e.guardian.
Middle e.and e.Late e.Childhood
- starts e.going e.to e.school e.and e.explore e.new e.world, e.trying e.and e.testing e.one’s e.abilities e.by e.comparing e.one
e.self e.to e.others.
Adolescence
- puberty e.starts, e.dramatic e.stage e.where e.physical e.body e.starts e.to e.develop. e.Puppy e.loves, e.change e.in e.lifestyle
Emerging e.Adulthood
- it e.is e.the e.dreaded e.stage e.where e.young e.adults e.tries e.to e.discover e.things e.such e.as e.new e.friends, e.try e.to e.look
e.for e.their e. identity e.and e. vices.
,Developmental e.Psychology
Early e.Adulthood
- twenties e.and e.thirties e.look e.for e.career e.development, e.intimate e.relationships e.and e.start e.building e.their
e.families.
Middle e.Adulthood
- aging e.starts e.to e.show, e.at e.this e.time e.many e.are e.at e.their e.peak e.ok e.their e.careers e.and e.love.
Late e.Adulthood
- the e.retiring e.and e.retired e.age, e.diseases e.starts e.to e.show e.such e.as e.diabetis, e.high e.blood e.pressure e.and
e.osteoporosis e.that e.has e.a e.contributing e. factor e.when e.they e.are e. much e. younger.
Historical e.Theories e.on e.Development
Preformationist e.View e.18th e.century
-Preformationist e.the e.belief e.that e.a e.tiny, e.full e.human e.is e.implanted e.in e.the e.sperm e.or e.egg e.at e.conception e.and
e.then e.grows e. in e. size e.until e. birth. e.(Environment e. has e. no e.role e. in
development)
John e.Locke e.1632-1704
- The e.environment e.gives e.credit e.to e.a e.child’s e.knowledge, e.advocating e.that e.a e.child’s e.mind e.is e.tabula e.rasa
e.or e.a e.blank e.slate e.that e. is e. being e. loaded e.of e. information e. by e. his
environment
Jean e.Jacques e.Rousseau e.1712-1778
-considered e.the e.father e.of e.Developmental e.Psychology
- believed e.that e.children e.should e.be e.allowed e.to e.think e.on e.their e.ways
Arnold e.Gessell e.1880-1961
- believed e.that e.children’s e.development e.was e.activated e.by e.genes e.and e.he e.called e.the e.process e.maturation
Sigmund e.Freud e.1856- e.1939
- emphasized e.that e.early e.childhood e.development e.has e.a e.big e.impact e.to e.one’s e.shaping e.of e.personality
e.and e. behavior. e.Our e.personality e. is e.shaped e.during e. in e.our e.early e. age
, Developmental e.Psychology
Contemporary e.Theories e.on e.Development
Erik e.Erikson e.1902-1994
- proposed e.a e.model e.of e.life e.span e.development e.that e.provides e.a e.guide e.about e.the e.changes e.in e.life.
- psychosocial e.crises, e.each e.period e.of e.our e.lives e.we e.reach e.to e.a e.point e.that e.we e.face e.problems e.or e.crisis e.me
e.should e.resolve.
Stages Stage e.of e.Psychosocial e.Development Virtue
1: e.Infancy Trust e.vs e.Mistrust Hope
2: e.Early e.Childhood Autonomy e.vs e.Shame e.and e.Doubt Will
3: e.Play e.age Initiative e.vs e.Guilt Purpose
4: e.School e.age Industry e.vs e.Inferiority Competence
5: e.Adolescence Identity e.Cohesion e.vs e.Role e.Confusion Fidelity
6: e.Young e.adulthood Intimacy e.vs e.Isolation Love
7: e.Adulthood Generativity e.vs e.Stagnation Care
8: e.Old e.age Integrity e.vs e.Despair Wisdom
Learning e.Theory e.(Behaviorism)
- it e.is e.not e.possible e.to e.study e.the e.mind e.so e.psychologist e.limit e.their e.attention e.to e.the e.study e.of e.behavior
Burrhus e.Frederick e.Skinner e.1904-1990 e.(Theory e.of e.Learning)
- stimulus e.and e.response( e.food-dog e.salivating)
- reinforcement e.or e.rewards
Social e.Learning e.Theory
- learning e.by e.watching e.others/ e.doing
Albert e.Bandura e.1925-2021
Reciprocal e.determinism
e.
-there e.is e.an e.interplay e.between e.our e.personality e.and e.the e.way e.we e.interpret e.events e.and e.how e.they e.influence
e.us.
*Bobo e.doll
-children e.were e.showed e.a e.film e.of e.a e.woman e.hitting e.a e.bobo e.doll, e.then e.children e.were e.directed e.to e.the e.room
e.and e. hits e. also e.the e. bobo e.doll, e.aggressiveness e.was e. also e.seen e. in e.the e.children e.that e.wasn’t e.shown e. in e.the
e. film
Cognitive e.Theory
Module e.1
Introduction e.to e.Developmental e.Psychology
-also e.known e.as e.the e.human e.development e.or e.lifespan e.development
-study e.of e.how e.people e.change e.from e.conception e.to e.death
Lifespan e.perspective
- Development e.is e.lifelong: e.change e.is e.forever
- Development e.is e.multidirectional: e.people e.change e.in e.different e.directions, e.gains e.on e.some e.areas e.and
e.losses e.on e.others.
- Development e.is e.multidimensional: e.we e.change e.in e.different e.aspects, e.physical, e.cognitive e.and e.psychosocial
- Development e.is e.multidisciplinary: e.human e.development e.is e.vast e.that e.it e.requires e.theories e.and
e.researches e.of e.different e.disciplines.
- Development e.is e.multicontextual: e.development e.occurs e.in e.many e.context
*Normative e.age-graded e.influences: e.age e.graded, e.specific e.age e.group, e.such e.as e.toddler, e.adolescent, e.or
e.geriatric.
*Normative e.history: e.graded e.influence
*Cohort: e.people e.born e.in e.a e.specific e.period e.of e.time
Generation Time e.Period
Silent e.Generation 1928-1945
Baby e.Boomers 1946-1964
Gen e.X 1965-1980
Millennials 1981-1996
Gen e.Z 1997-2012
*Non-Normative e.life e.influence: e.different e.shapes e.of e.development e.(child e.who e.loss e.parent e.in e.early e.age e.has
e.different e.development e.compared e.to e.grew e.with e.a e.parent)
*Socioeconomic e.Status e.SES: e.way e.to e.identify e.family e.or e.household e.based e.on e.their e.shared e.education,
e. income e. and e.occupation.
*Poverty e.level: e.an e.income e.amount e.established e.by e.the e.government e.to e.set e.the e.base e.of e.income e.threshold
e.that e.vary e. from e. family e.size
*Ethnocentrism: e.belief e.that e.our e.own e.culture e.is e.superior
*Cultural e.relativity: e.an e.appreciation e.of e.cultural e.differences e.and e.understanding e.cultural e.practices.
Lifespan: e.longevity, e.the e.length e.of e.time e.a e.specie e.exists
Life e.expectancy: e.the e.predicted e.number e.of e.years e.an e.individual e.will e.live.
,Developmental e.Psychology
Conception e.Age
Chronological e.Age e.- e.based e.on e.the e.number e.of e.years e.since e.your e.birth
Biological e.Age e.- e.How e.quickly e.your e.body e.aged
e.
Psychological e.age e.- e.the e.psychologically e.adaptive e.capacity e.compared e.to e.others.
Social e.age e.- e.based e.on e.the e.social e.norms e.of e.our e.culture e.and e.the e.culture’s e.expectation e.for e.the e.age e.group
Age e.Period Description
Prenatal Conception e.to e.birth
Infancy e.and e.Toddlerhood Birth e.to e.2 e.years e.old
Early e.Childhood 2-6 e.years e.old
Middle e.and e.Late e.Childhood 6 e.years e.old e.to e.onset e.of e.puberty
Adolescence Onset e.of e.puberty e.to e.18 e.years e.old
Emerging e.Adulthood 18-25 e.years e.old
Early e.Adulthood 25 e.to e.40-45 e.years e.old
Middle e.Adulthood 40-45 e.years e.old e.to e.65 e.years e.old
Late e.Adulthood 65 e.years e.old e.and e.onwards
Prenatal e.Development
- conception e.occurs e.and e.development e.begins. e.All e.major e.body e.parts e.are e.forming e.and e.mother’s e.health e.is
e.a e. big e. concern, e.understanding e.the e. health, e.teratogen e.or
environmental e.factors e.that e.can e.lead e.to e.birth e.defects.
Infancy e.and e.Toddlerhood
- dramatic e.growth e.and e.change, e.during e.this e.time e.children e.learn e.develop e.their e.walking, e.and e.talking.
e . Usually e.at e.this e.time e.they e.are e.assisted e. by e.the e. mother e.and e.or e.guardian.
Middle e.and e.Late e.Childhood
- starts e.going e.to e.school e.and e.explore e.new e.world, e.trying e.and e.testing e.one’s e.abilities e.by e.comparing e.one
e.self e.to e.others.
Adolescence
- puberty e.starts, e.dramatic e.stage e.where e.physical e.body e.starts e.to e.develop. e.Puppy e.loves, e.change e.in e.lifestyle
Emerging e.Adulthood
- it e.is e.the e.dreaded e.stage e.where e.young e.adults e.tries e.to e.discover e.things e.such e.as e.new e.friends, e.try e.to e.look
e.for e.their e. identity e.and e. vices.
,Developmental e.Psychology
Early e.Adulthood
- twenties e.and e.thirties e.look e.for e.career e.development, e.intimate e.relationships e.and e.start e.building e.their
e.families.
Middle e.Adulthood
- aging e.starts e.to e.show, e.at e.this e.time e.many e.are e.at e.their e.peak e.ok e.their e.careers e.and e.love.
Late e.Adulthood
- the e.retiring e.and e.retired e.age, e.diseases e.starts e.to e.show e.such e.as e.diabetis, e.high e.blood e.pressure e.and
e.osteoporosis e.that e.has e.a e.contributing e. factor e.when e.they e.are e. much e. younger.
Historical e.Theories e.on e.Development
Preformationist e.View e.18th e.century
-Preformationist e.the e.belief e.that e.a e.tiny, e.full e.human e.is e.implanted e.in e.the e.sperm e.or e.egg e.at e.conception e.and
e.then e.grows e. in e. size e.until e. birth. e.(Environment e. has e. no e.role e. in
development)
John e.Locke e.1632-1704
- The e.environment e.gives e.credit e.to e.a e.child’s e.knowledge, e.advocating e.that e.a e.child’s e.mind e.is e.tabula e.rasa
e.or e.a e.blank e.slate e.that e. is e. being e. loaded e.of e. information e. by e. his
environment
Jean e.Jacques e.Rousseau e.1712-1778
-considered e.the e.father e.of e.Developmental e.Psychology
- believed e.that e.children e.should e.be e.allowed e.to e.think e.on e.their e.ways
Arnold e.Gessell e.1880-1961
- believed e.that e.children’s e.development e.was e.activated e.by e.genes e.and e.he e.called e.the e.process e.maturation
Sigmund e.Freud e.1856- e.1939
- emphasized e.that e.early e.childhood e.development e.has e.a e.big e.impact e.to e.one’s e.shaping e.of e.personality
e.and e. behavior. e.Our e.personality e. is e.shaped e.during e. in e.our e.early e. age
, Developmental e.Psychology
Contemporary e.Theories e.on e.Development
Erik e.Erikson e.1902-1994
- proposed e.a e.model e.of e.life e.span e.development e.that e.provides e.a e.guide e.about e.the e.changes e.in e.life.
- psychosocial e.crises, e.each e.period e.of e.our e.lives e.we e.reach e.to e.a e.point e.that e.we e.face e.problems e.or e.crisis e.me
e.should e.resolve.
Stages Stage e.of e.Psychosocial e.Development Virtue
1: e.Infancy Trust e.vs e.Mistrust Hope
2: e.Early e.Childhood Autonomy e.vs e.Shame e.and e.Doubt Will
3: e.Play e.age Initiative e.vs e.Guilt Purpose
4: e.School e.age Industry e.vs e.Inferiority Competence
5: e.Adolescence Identity e.Cohesion e.vs e.Role e.Confusion Fidelity
6: e.Young e.adulthood Intimacy e.vs e.Isolation Love
7: e.Adulthood Generativity e.vs e.Stagnation Care
8: e.Old e.age Integrity e.vs e.Despair Wisdom
Learning e.Theory e.(Behaviorism)
- it e.is e.not e.possible e.to e.study e.the e.mind e.so e.psychologist e.limit e.their e.attention e.to e.the e.study e.of e.behavior
Burrhus e.Frederick e.Skinner e.1904-1990 e.(Theory e.of e.Learning)
- stimulus e.and e.response( e.food-dog e.salivating)
- reinforcement e.or e.rewards
Social e.Learning e.Theory
- learning e.by e.watching e.others/ e.doing
Albert e.Bandura e.1925-2021
Reciprocal e.determinism
e.
-there e.is e.an e.interplay e.between e.our e.personality e.and e.the e.way e.we e.interpret e.events e.and e.how e.they e.influence
e.us.
*Bobo e.doll
-children e.were e.showed e.a e.film e.of e.a e.woman e.hitting e.a e.bobo e.doll, e.then e.children e.were e.directed e.to e.the e.room
e.and e. hits e. also e.the e. bobo e.doll, e.aggressiveness e.was e. also e.seen e. in e.the e.children e.that e.wasn’t e.shown e. in e.the
e. film
Cognitive e.Theory
