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NUR 209 Final Medical Surgical Nursing II
2026/2027 Comprehensive Questions with
Verified Answers and Rationales Grade A
1. What are the hormones in the posterior pituitary?
Correct Answer: ADH and oxytocin
Rationale:
1. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the
hypothalamus.
2. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water balance.
*3. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down.*
2. Which hormones are associated with the thyroid gland?
Correct Answer: T4, T3, Calcitonin
Rationale:
1. T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) regulate metabolism.
2. Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.
3. These are the three main hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
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3. The hormone controls the amount of water absorbed in the kidney
tubules and controls urine.
Correct Answer: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Rationale:
1. ADH increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts.
2. It concentrates urine and decreases urine output.
3. ADH deficiency causes diabetes insipidus (large volume of dilute urine).
4. What is the master gland?
Correct Answer: Pituitary gland
Rationale:
1. The pituitary gland is called the master gland because it controls other
endocrine glands.
2. It secretes tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH).
3. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland.
5. The amount of hormone released in the bloodstream is controlled by:
Correct Answer: Negative feedback
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Rationale:
1. Negative feedback maintains hormone levels within a narrow range.
2. High hormone levels suppress further release; low levels stimulate release.
3. Example: high thyroid hormone inhibits TRH and TSH release.
6. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by an excess of:
Correct Answer: Cortisol
Rationale:
1. Cushing's syndrome results from chronic cortisol excess.
2. Causes include pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease), adrenal tumor, or
steroid use.
3. Symptoms: moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity, thin skin, easy bruising.
7. In primary Addison's disease, a patient's skin will appear:
Correct Answer: Bronzed (hyperpigmentation)
Rationale:
1. Primary Addison's causes deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.
*2. Loss of negative feedback increases ACTH, which has melanocyte-
stimulating activity.*
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3. Hyperpigmentation (bronzing) occurs in skin creases, scars, and mucous
membranes.
8. Mineralocorticoids affect the balance of:
Correct Answer: Sodium
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone (main mineralocorticoid) increases sodium reabsorption in the
kidneys.
2. Sodium retention leads to water retention and increased blood pressure.
3. Potassium and hydrogen are excreted in exchange for sodium.
9. What is the main mineralocorticoid?
Correct Answer: Aldosterone
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.
2. It regulates sodium and potassium balance.
3. Deficiency causes hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
10. Pheochromocytoma may cause severe:
Correct Answer: HTN (Hypertension)
NUR 209 Final Medical Surgical Nursing II
2026/2027 Comprehensive Questions with
Verified Answers and Rationales Grade A
1. What are the hormones in the posterior pituitary?
Correct Answer: ADH and oxytocin
Rationale:
1. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the
hypothalamus.
2. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water balance.
*3. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down.*
2. Which hormones are associated with the thyroid gland?
Correct Answer: T4, T3, Calcitonin
Rationale:
1. T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) regulate metabolism.
2. Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.
3. These are the three main hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
,2|Page
3. The hormone controls the amount of water absorbed in the kidney
tubules and controls urine.
Correct Answer: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Rationale:
1. ADH increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts.
2. It concentrates urine and decreases urine output.
3. ADH deficiency causes diabetes insipidus (large volume of dilute urine).
4. What is the master gland?
Correct Answer: Pituitary gland
Rationale:
1. The pituitary gland is called the master gland because it controls other
endocrine glands.
2. It secretes tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH).
3. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland.
5. The amount of hormone released in the bloodstream is controlled by:
Correct Answer: Negative feedback
,3|Page
Rationale:
1. Negative feedback maintains hormone levels within a narrow range.
2. High hormone levels suppress further release; low levels stimulate release.
3. Example: high thyroid hormone inhibits TRH and TSH release.
6. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by an excess of:
Correct Answer: Cortisol
Rationale:
1. Cushing's syndrome results from chronic cortisol excess.
2. Causes include pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease), adrenal tumor, or
steroid use.
3. Symptoms: moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity, thin skin, easy bruising.
7. In primary Addison's disease, a patient's skin will appear:
Correct Answer: Bronzed (hyperpigmentation)
Rationale:
1. Primary Addison's causes deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.
*2. Loss of negative feedback increases ACTH, which has melanocyte-
stimulating activity.*
, 4|Page
3. Hyperpigmentation (bronzing) occurs in skin creases, scars, and mucous
membranes.
8. Mineralocorticoids affect the balance of:
Correct Answer: Sodium
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone (main mineralocorticoid) increases sodium reabsorption in the
kidneys.
2. Sodium retention leads to water retention and increased blood pressure.
3. Potassium and hydrogen are excreted in exchange for sodium.
9. What is the main mineralocorticoid?
Correct Answer: Aldosterone
Rationale:
1. Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.
2. It regulates sodium and potassium balance.
3. Deficiency causes hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
10. Pheochromocytoma may cause severe:
Correct Answer: HTN (Hypertension)
